Review Articles

About Authors:
Nishant kumar singh
Research Fellow,
ICRI (Ahm) and Cranfield University
* nishantsingh.shree@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Over 3 decades HIV/AIDS have been a major globally accepted challenge, from endemic to a catastrophic pandemic & explodes globally. Estimates says 33.3 million HIV ^+ve and 2.6 million newly HIV infected people are in 2009. Since the beginning of epidemic, nearly 30 million people have died from AIDS related cause^[1].  From chimpanzees to human^[2] and then human to human (migration^[3], MSM, HS, IDU, MTC etc) and ultimately it transformed into pandemic. After 30 years we have advanced our treatment & Medicare knowledge of HIV and AIDS. Our scientist has developed several successful targets and drugs based on them, a highly effective therapy HAART currently in use (managing viral load & cell count for better patient survival rate) showing good results. Still HIV/AIDS is incurable, WHY? It shows the need of critical thinking from the very 1^st initial step i.e. TARGET. HIV itself is the target; biotech and Pharmaceutical Company must consider nanotechnology & homologous approach for CCR5. Though it seems that we have control over it but if this goes out same way, than one day just due to the HIV typical characteristic of mutation and recombination the worst Catastrophic sub Saharan-Africa epidemic will become Pandemic.[i]

About Authors:
Krunal Parikh^*, Mr. Maheshkumar Kataria, Jatin Patel, Tarun Patel, Dhiren Shah
Seth G. L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research,
Sriganganagar, India
*Krunal_2922@yahoo.in

ABSTRACT
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are plate-based assays designed for detecting and quantifying substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies and hormones. Other names, such as enzyme immunoassay (EIA), are also used to describe the same technology. In an ELISA, an antigen must be immobilized to a solid surface and then complexed with an antibody that is linked to an enzyme. Detection is accomplished by assessing the conjugated enzyme activity via incubation with a substrate to produce a measureable product. The most crucial element of the detection strategy is a highly specific antibody-antigen interaction. There are three methods of ELISA. Each type of ELISA can be used qualitatively to detect the presence of antibody or antigen. Alternatively, a standard curve based on known concentration of antibody or antigen is prepared, from which the unknown concentration of a sample can be determined.

About Authors:
HH SAPARIA*, M BAIDYA, AR MAHESH
Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, Chikkabellandur, Carmelaram Post,
Varthur  Hobli, Banglore-560035, Karnataka, India.
*hiteshsapariya29@gmail.com

Abstract:
Current advancement in drug discovery technology and search for novel chemical diversity have  intensified the efforts for exploring lead from “Ayurveda”  the traditional  system of medicine in India. Lantana camara, Family: Verbenaceae has been important coniferous plant in ayurvedic and indigenous medicinal systems. The Clinical trials and  animal research support  the use of Lantana camara for anti-spasmodic, carminative, anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, anti-ulcer genic, treatment of emotional stress and trauma, anti-microbial, insecticidal, fungicidal, asthma. Major biochemical constituents of Lantana camara were identified as alkaloids/flavonoids, saponins/tannins, germacrene-A, B and D, triterpenes like lantadenes-A, B, C, D, valencene (principle constituent) and γ-gurjunene, verbascoside, martynoside.This paper includes the evidence-basedoverview of pharmacological and phytochemical properties of the aerial parts of Lantana camara.

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About Authors:
Middha Akanksha*, Kataria Sahil, Kukkar Vipin
Seth G. L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education,
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research,
Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, INDIA
*Akankshamddh@gmail.com

Abstract
Good Distribution Practice (GDP) deals with the guidelines for the proper distribution of medicinal products for human use. GDP is a quality warranty system, which includes requirements for purchase, receiving, storage and export of drugs intended for human consumption.

GDP regulates the division and movement of pharmaceutical products from the premises of the manufacturer of medicinal products, or another central point, to the end user thereof, or to an intermediate point by means of various transport methods, via various storage and/or health establishments.

About Authors:
Kapil Sharma*, Priyanka Sharma
Yaresun Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd.,
India.
*pharma_kapil@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT
Herbalism is a traditional medicinal or folk medicine practice based on the use of plants and plant extracts. Many plants synthesize substances that are useful to the maintenance of health in humans and other animals because herbal medicine have harmless advantages. Humans, and even neanderthals, have used plants to treat their ailments for at least tens of thousands of years; most likely even longer than that. The first written accounts of the use of herbs originate in china, although all other civilizations from the ancient world were using plants as natural remedies for their ailments. Western herbal medicine dates back to ancient greece and its famous doctors like hippocrates and galen.The 15^th to 17^th centuries were the most popular time for herbalism in europe. Herbal remedies are still relatively popular today, mainly due to the fact that they are regarded as harmless because they are natural. So this paper describe basic information  involved in preparation of herbal remedies for internal use and for external useand gives a detail account about standardization and evaluation in formulations of herbal drugs.

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About Authors:
Krunal Parikh^1*, Maheshkumar Kataria^2
1 M.Pharm, Quality Assurance,
²Assistant professor, Department of pharmaceutics,
Seth G.L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education,
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research,
Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, INDIA
*Krunal_2922@yahoo.in

ABSTRACT
The Quality System regulation requires that “when computers or automated data processing systems are used as part of production or the quality system, the manufacturer shall validate computer software for its intended use according to an established protocol.” This has been a regulatory requirement for GMP since 1978. In addition to the above validation requirement, computer systems that implement part of a regulated manufacturer’s production processes or quality system (or that are used to create and maintain records required by any other FDA regulation) are subject to the Electronic Records, Electronic Signatures regulation. This regulation establishes additional security, data integrity, and validation requirements when records are created or maintained electronically. These additional Part 11 requirements should be carefully considered and included in system requirements and software requirements for any automated record keeping systems.

About Authors:
Nirav D.Langhneja^1*, Tushar  Vaja¹, Dr. Vijay K. Parmar^2
1M.Pharm, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
²Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Sardar Patel University,
Vallabh Vidyanagar-388120, Gujarat.
*laghnejanirav@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
Sildenafil citrate 1-[[3-(6,7-Dihydro -1-methyl- 7-oxo-3-propyl -1H-pyrazolo [4,3-d] pyrimidin-5-yl) -4-ethoxyphenyl]sulphonyl]-4-methyl piperazine citrate and it is a popularly known as Viagra .It is a compound of the pyrazolo-pyrimidinyl-methyl piperazine class, and is used to treat male erectile dysfunction (Boolell.M et.al 1996, Morales. A, et.al 1998). It is a selective inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase type 5  inhibitor. The structural formulae is C22H30N6O4S. It is an ampholyte with pKa value 4 (pirydinium ion) and 8.8 (benzimidazole). Sildenafil citrate is twice as soluble in methanol than in water. Its solubility decreases with pH up to 9 when it starts to increase again. Sildenafil citrate could be determined by several analytical techniques, Densitometry, spectrophotometry, colorimetry, HPLC, GC-MS, MEKC and capillary electrophoresis.

About Authors:
Sanober Parveen*, Maju Vyas Singh
Delhi institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & research University (DIPSAR), Delhi.
*sanober.parveen@gmail.com

Abstract
The present study was aimed Pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical study of the fresh fruits of Alstonia scholaris, belonging to family Apocynaceae.The pharmacognostic investigation were carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic and physical parameters. The extract obtained after successive Soxhlet extraction of dried fruit using n-hexane, chloroform, methanol and water were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, glycoside, terpenoids and flavanoids.

About Authors:
Birajdar Shivprasad M.*, Mule Madhav¹
*Department of Quality Assurance, Maharashtra College of Pharmacy, Nilanga.
¹School of Pharmacy, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University
Vishnupuri, Nanded-431606, Maharashtra, India,
*birajdar100@gmail.com

Abstract
Preservatives have been used and known to mankind since a very long time. These are used in cosmetics to increase the shelf life of product so that aroma, taste and the cosmetics itself can be stored for a longer period of time. Also cosmetics degradation is prevented by them. Preservatives, whether natural or artificial, work as in three different ways: Antimicrobial, Antioxidants and Act on enzymes. In antimicrobial, the growth of microbes like bacteria and fungi is inhibited. In antioxidants the process of oxidation is either delayed or stopped. And the one that acts on enzymes stops the ripening or aging of cosmetics product. Preservation is important part in many industries, such as the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, as the shelf life of many cosmetic and pharmaceutical products is important. The present review is an extensive compilation of various preservatives obtained from plant, synthetic and microbial source.The safety of preservatives is always coming into question. Since these are all biologically active products, they all have potential for being toxic, or irritating, or sensitizing.