Review Articles

About Authors:
¹Robin Sharma*, ¹Ajay Kumar, ²Dr. Bharat Prashar
¹M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
²Head of Pharmacy Department
Manav Bharti University, Solan.
*sharmarobin@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT
Postoperative adhesions are a significant health problem with major implications on quality of life, health care and expenses on treatment. The purpose of this review was to investigate the incidence of post operative adhesions and the treatment measures such as efficacy of preventative techniques and adhesion barriers. The National Library of Medicine, Medline and A-Z databases were used to identify articles related to postoperative adhesions. Ileal pouch–anal anastomosis, open colectomy, and open gynecologic procedures are associated with the highest risk of adhesive small-bowel obstruction (class I evidence). Based on expert opinion (class III evidence) intraoperative preventative principles, such as meticulous haemostasis, avoiding excessive tissue dissection and ischemia, and reducing remaining surgical material such as powdered gloves have been published. Laparoscopic techniques, result in fewer adhesions than laparotomy techniques (class I evidence). Available bioabsorbable barriers, such as hyaluronic acid/carboxymethylcellulose, have been shown to reduce adhesions (class I evidence). Postoperative adhesions are a significant health problem after the surgery. General intraoperative preventative techniques, laparoscopic techniques, and the use of bioabsorbable mechanical barriers in the appropriate cases reduce the incidence and severity of peritoneal adhesions and post operative adhesions.

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About Authors:
Mahek Goel
Shri Baba Mastnath Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Research
Asthal Bohar, Rohtak, Haryana (124001)
mahekgoel10@gmail.com

Abstract:
Nanoparticles are the preparations having size in nanometers. Particulate systems like nanoparticles have been used as a physical approach to alter and improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of various types of drug molecules. They have been used in vivo to protect the drug entity in the systemic circulation, restrict access of the drug to the chosen sites and to deliver the drug at a controlled and sustained rate to the site of action. Various polymers have been used in the formulation of nanoparticles for drug delivery research to increase therapeutic benefit, while minimizing side effects. Here, we review various aspects of nanoparticle formulation, characterization, effect of their characteristics, drug loading, in vitro release profile and their applications in delivery of drug molecules and therapeutic genes.

About Authors:
LILESH KHALANE^*, ATUL ALKUNTE, ARUNADEVI BIRAJDAR
Adarsh Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s, K. T. Patil college of Pharmacy,
Siddhartha Nagar, Barshi Road,
Osmanabad – 413501.
^*lileshkhalane@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
As a very few drugs are coming out of research and development and already existing drugs are suffering the problem of resistance due to their irrational use. Hence, change in the operation is a suitable and optimized way to make the some drug more effective by slight alternation in the drug delivery. Presently pharmaceutical industries are focusing on development of sustained release formulations due to its inherent boons. Sustained release dosage forms are designed to release a drug at a predetermined rate by maintaining a constant drug level for a specific period of time with minimum side effects. The basic rationale of sustained release drug delivery system optimizes the biopharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties of a drug in such a way that its utility is maximized, side-effects are reduced and cure of the disease is achieved. There are several advantages of sustained release drug delivery over conventional dosage forms like improved patient compliance due to less frequent drug administration, reduction of fluctuation in steady-state drug levels, maximum utilization of the drug, increased safety margin of potent drug, reduction in healthcare costs through improved therapy and shorter treatment period. The basic goal of sustained release is provide promising way to decrease the side effect of drug by preventing the fluctuation of the therapeutic concentration of the drug in the body and increase patient compliance by reducing frequency of dose. This article contains the basic information regarding sustained-release formulation and also the different types of the same.

About Authors:
Gunjan Kalyani^*1, Vishal S. Deshmukh¹, Pranita Kashyap¹, Yogesh Vaishnav¹, Ram D. Bawankar
¹Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Pharmacy,
Kumhari, Durg, Chhattisgarh
*kalyani.gunjan@yahoo.in

Abstract
Irbesartan is chemically 2-butyl-3-({4-[2-(2H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl) phenyl] phenyl} methyl) -1,3-diazaspiro [4.4] non-1-en-4-one. Irbesartan is an Angiotensin II receptor antagonist effective in the treatment of   Hypertension.  It is also effective in the treatment of High blood pressure.  It is also effective when used alone or in combination with other drugs. Objective of the present study is to develop a simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and rapid first order derivative spectrophotometric method for the estimation of irbesartan in pure form. For the estimation of irbesartan, solvent system employed was 50% v/v aqueous ethanol and wavelength of detection (λ_det) was 237 nm. The linearity was obtained in the range 8 – 18 µg/ml, with a regression coefficient, R² = 1. The LOD & LOQ were found to be 0.5 µg/ml and 1.63 µg/ml respectively. Obtained results showed that there is minimum intra day and inter day variation. The developed method was validated and recovery studies were also carried out. Sample recovery using the above method was in good agreement with their respective labeled claims, thus suggesting the validity of the method and non-interference of formulation excipients in the estimation. First order derivative spectroscopy method is simple, rapid and reproducible and further it can be used for the analysis.

About Authors:
Sweet Naskar*, Sanjit Kr. Roy, Ketousetuo Kuotsu
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,
Jadavpur University,
Kolkata – 700032,
West Bengal, India.
*sn62525@gmail.com

Abstract
The aim of the present investigation is to know about AIDS and its treatments. Various treatments for AIDS are described here.AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breast feeding etc. As of 2009, AVERT estimated that there are 33.3 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, with 2.6 million new HIV infections per year and 1.8 million annual deaths due to AIDS. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) continues to have a favourable impact on disease progression and mortality in settings where it is available to people living with HIV.

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About Authors:
Rakesh Tiwle
Shri Laxman Rao Mankar Pharmacy College Amagoan,
Gondia Maharashtra.
rakesh_tiwle@rediffmail.com

Abstract
Nanotoxicology is a branch of Bio-Nano-science which deals with the study and application of toxicity of nanomaterials.  Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterial because of quantam  size effects and large surface area to volume ratio, nanomaterials have unique properties  compared with their larger counter parts.  Increases in nanotechnological applications for industrial, consumer and medical uses promise many benefits, yet at the same time they have generated serious concerns about potential health and environmental risks from exposure to  engineered nanoscale materials. Such concerns stimulated research in the emerging field of nanotoxicology, resulting in a steadily increasing number of publications suggesting that engineered nanomaterials because of their specific physicochemical properties can induce significant toxic responses. Although most of the nanotoxicological studies were performed using unrealistic exposure conditions, they have led to a widespread perception that generically all nanomaterials pose a significant health risk. Such perception is in great part based on exaggerated reporting in the popular press, resulting in a  Nanotoxicity-Hype Correlation. Knowledge about potential human and environmental exposure combined with dose response toxicity information will be necessary to determine real or perceived risks of nanomaterials following inhalation, oral or dermal routes of exposure.

About Author:
Deepa yadav
M.Pharm
Rameshwaram institute of Technology and management, Lucknow
deepa.yadav.amethi@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Dendrimers have emerged as one of the most interesting themes for researchers as a result of unique functional architecture and macromolecular characteristics dendrimer, have attracted great attention in terms of biomedical  applications. Although the PAMAMdendrimer has already been tested as a carrier for drugs and genes and as a contrast agent for bioimaging . This mini review highlights issues associated with the use of dendrimers as drug delivery vehicles. This article provides an insight into the structure, synthesis, properties,types and the applications of dendrimers in the bio-medical field.

About Authors:
N Allamneni*, CH Ajay Babu, AVS Madhulatha, C Anusha, P Sowjanya, BV Komali, M Kalyani, Syed M
*Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,
Narasaraopeta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Narasaraopeta, Guntur, India.
*yaswanthallamneni@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Chronopharmacokinetics involves the study of temporal changes in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion with respect to time of administration. Drug Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination are influenced by many different physiological functions of the body, which may vary, with time of day. Thus, the pharmacokinetic parameters characterizing these different steps, conventionally considered to be constant in time, depend on the moment of drug administration. Chronokinetic studies have been reported for many drugs in an attempt to explain chronopharmacodynamic phenomena and demonstrate that the time of administration is a possible factor of variation in the kinetics of a drug. However, the time of day has to be regarded as an additional variable influencing the kinetics of a drug since many drugs are affected by time of administration and the activity or rest period of the human or animal.