Review Articles

About Authors:
Dhirendra C. Patel^1*, Ritesh B. Patel¹, Gargi B. Patel^2
1Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology;
S.K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research;
Ganpat University, Kherva, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.
²Pharma Management & Regulatory Affairs,
K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
*dhiren.pharmacy@gmail.com

Abstract:
Oral controlled drug delivery systems represent the most popular form of controlled drug delivery systems for the obvious advantages of oral route of drug administration. However, there are certain conditions for which such a release pattern is not suitable like cardiovascular diseases, Diabetes mellitus, Asthma, Arthritis, Peptic ulcer etc. In such cases pulsatile drug delivery system is used in which release drug on programmed pattern i.e. at appropriate time & at appropriate site of action. Pulsatile Drug Delivery systems are basically time controlled drug delivery systems in which the system controls the lag time independent of environmental factors like pH, enzymes, gastro-intestinal motility, etc. The principle rationale for the use of pulsatile release is for the drugs where a constant drug release, i.e., a zero-order release is not desired. In chronopharmacotherapy drug administration is synchronized with biological rhythms to produce maximal therapeutic effect & minimum harm for the patient. Technically, pulsatile drug delivery systems administered via the oral route could be divided into two distinct types, the time controlled delivery systems and the site-specific delivery systems, thus providing special and temporal delivery. In recent pharmaceutical applications involving pulsatile delivery; multiparticulate dosage forms (e.g. pellets) are gaining much favor over single-unit dosage forms. Various pulsatile technologies have been developed on the basis of methodologies, these includes ACCU-BREAK™, AQUALON,  CODAS®, PRODAS^®, SODAS®, MINITABS^®, DIFFUCAPS®, OROS® etc. Designing of proper pulsatile drug delivery will enhance the patient compliance, optimum drug delivery to the target side & minimizing the undesired effects.

About Authors:
Deepjyoti Kumari
M.Pharm (Pharmaceutics)
Dadhichi College of Pharmacy, BPUT, Orissa
deepjyoti987@gmail.com

Abstract:
The aim of this reviewis to introduce the basic principles of drug targeting as they have evolved over previous decades. The most important chemical features and biological behavioural characteristics of the carrier molecules exploited for drug targeting purposes will be addressed. Furthermore, a selection of drug targeting preparations that are either in the stage of clinical testing or have been approved for application in the clinic is discussed. As the basis of drug development lies in the understanding of the molecular basis of diseases, selective interference with regulatory processes in health and disease by drug targeting will become a powerful technology. Drug targeting can, in this respect, serve both as a therapeutic approach and as a research tool in unravelling the functions of these processes in normal physiology and under patho-physiological conditions.

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About Authors:
*C.P.Meher,  S.P.Sethy,  S. M Ahmed
Department of pharmaceutical Chemistry, Maheshwara college of Pharmacy,
chitkul (V), Isnapur “X” Road,  patancheru, Hyderabad.
*chaitanyameher84@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:-
Heterocyclic chemistry is vastly expanding because of the enormous amount of research work being done in this area. Heterocyclic compound are very widely distributed in nature and are particularly important because of the wide variety of physiological activities associated with this class of substances . A great deal of research is carried out to prepare new heterocyclic molecules having therapeutic uses.[1] and also so many heterocyclic derivative are synthesized till now having desired pharmacological effect. Out of them oxazole & isoxazole derivatives are catagorised in a higher position as the other heterocyclic compound possess in the hetero-chemistry. The present review is concern with the comparative study of the derivative of oxazole & isoxazole derivatives  along with their pharmacological effects.

About Authors:
*Lavkesh A.Chandivade,  Vishal V.Bandre,  Nilesh M. Choudhary
Viva Institute of Pharmacy
Shirgaon ,Virar(E)
*lavkeshc@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
BOTULINUM TOXIN is a neurotoxin that is made of a complex mixture of proteins containing botulinum neurotoxin and various non-toxic proteins.
The neurotoxin clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming gram positive anaerobic bacterium that is made up of light chain and a heavy chain linked by single disulphide bond. The non-toxic proteins include haemagglutinating proteins. The bacteria are considered harmful and life threatening and can lead to muscle paralysis or weakness. However Botulin toxin treatment is quite safe especially when used in small doses and injected directly to a specific area.

About Authors:
Mr. Satyanand Tyagi*, Patel Chirag J¹, Devesh Kaushik²
*President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (Pharmacy), Chattarpur, New Delhi, India-110074.
Prof. Satyanand Tyagi is a life time member of various pharmacy professional bodies like IPA, APTI and IPGA. He has published various research papers and review articles. His academic work includes 60 Publications (50 Review Articles, 08 Research Articles and 02 Short Communications of Pharmaceutical, Medicinal and Clinical Importance, published in standard and reputed National and International Pharmacy journals; Out of 60 publications, 11 are International Publications).
He has published his papers almost in different specialization of Pharmacy field...His research topics of interest are neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes mellitus, cancer, rare genetic disorders, psycho-pharmacological agents as well as epilepsy.
¹Department of Pharmaceutics, Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India-302020.
²Territory Business Manager, Diabetes Division, Abbott Healthcare Private Limited, Okhla, New Delhi, India- 110020.
*sntyagi9@yahoo.com, +91-9871111375/9582025220

ABSTRACT:
A group of Australian researchers at the Garvan Institute in Sydney have conducted a study indicating how Grb10 protein plays a crucial role in increasing muscle mass during development. Growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 also known as insulin receptor-binding protein Grb-IR is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRB10 gene. The product of this gene belongs to a small family of adapter proteins that are known to interact with a number of receptor tyrosine kinases and signaling molecules. This gene encodes a growth factor receptor-binding protein that interacts with insulin and insulin-like growth-factor receptors (e.g., IGF1R and IGF2R). Over expression of some isoforms of the encoded protein inhibits tyrosine kinase activity and results in growth suppression. This gene is imprinted in a highly isoform- and tissue-specific manner. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.Scientists have discovered a way to build bigger and stronger muscles without having to lift a finger.

About Authors:
Patel Chirag J^1*, Satyanand Tyagi², Patel Jaimin^1
1Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
²President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (Pharmacy), Chattarpur, New Delhi, India.
*chirag.bangalore@gmail.com, +918000501871

ABSTRACT:
Now a day about 74% of drugs are taken orally and are found not to be as effective as desired either due to bioavailability problems or degradation of drug in acidic pH of stomach. To resolve such problems, transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) was emerged. Transdermal drug delivery systems are dosage forms involves drug transport to viable epidermal and dermal tissues of the skin for local therapeutic effect while a very major fraction of drug is transported into the systemic blood circulation. Transdermal drug delivery systems, also known as ‘‘patches,’’ are dosage forms designed to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of drug across a patient’s skin. This review article provides an overview of TDDS, advantages, limitations, various components of TDDS, methods of preparation, types of transdermal patches, factors affecting transdermal permeation, evaluation parameters and new approaches in TDDS.

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About Authors:
Arshad Hala*, Prof. Rajesh Dholpuria, Nilesh Sovasia
¹Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College Of Technical Education,
Institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research,
Gaganpath, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan 335001
*Arshad_hala@yahoo.com

1. INTRODUCTION:-
1.1. Origin:-
Contract manufacturing is defined as the manufacture (or partial manufacturer) of a product to the order of one person or organization (the contract giver or customer) by another independent person or organization (contract acceptor or principle manufacturer). Manufacture in this context is identified as the act of processing or packaging a medicinal product or device to a given specification.(Shah, D.H., 2000)

Contract manufacturing should be consideration as an extension of the principal manufacturer’s operation. Consequently the principal manufacturer should require the same standards of good manufacturing practices (GMP) for a contractor’s operation as he would his own. In addition, the customer must ensure that the principle manufacturer holds the relevant legal authorizations for the work to be carried out.(Shah, D.H., 2000)

The responsibility and activities undertaken by each party need to be clearly stated in a formal agreement, separate from but additional to the legal business contract formed by the placement of an order. Commercial matters need to be appreciated as being distinct from technical matter and need to be detailed separately with due consideration for compliance with local legislation.(Shah, D.H., 2000)

About Authors:
Patel Chirag J^1*, Satyanand Tyagi^2
1Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
²President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (pharmacy), Chattarpur, New Delhi, India.
*chirag.bangalore@gmail.com, +918000501871

ABSTRACT
The basic rationale of sustained release drug delivery system optimizes the biopharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug in such a way that its utility is maximized, side-effects are reduced and cure of the disease is achieved. There are several advantages of sustained release drug delivery over conventional dosage forms like improved patient compliance due to less frequent drug administration, maximum utilization of the drug, increased safety margin of potent drug, reduction of fluctuation in steady-state drug levels, reduction in healthcare costs through improved therapy and shorter treatment period.Presently pharmaceutical industries are focusing on development of sustained release formulations due to its inherent boons.Wide varieties of polymers are available for retarding the release rate of drugs hence sustains the action of drugs. This article contains the basic information regarding sustained-release formulation, its advantages, different types, and characteristics involved in oral sustained-release dosage form design.