Review Articles

About Author:
Mahek Goel
Shri Baba Mastnath Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Research
Asthal Bohar, Rohtak, Haryana (124001)
mahekgoel10@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Parenteral drug delivery systems are the preparations that are given other than oral route. (Para-outside, enteric–intestine). Parenteral drug delivery systems are most preferred drug delivery systems as they meet many benefits over other dosage forms in many cases such as unconsciousness, nausea, in emergency clinical episodes. The Parenteral administration route is the most common and efficient for delivery of active drug substances with poor bio-availability and the drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. But parenteral route offers rapid onset of action with rapid declines of systemic drug level. For the sake of effective treatment it is often desirable to maintain systemic drug levels within the therapeutically effective concentration range for as long as treatment calls for. It requires frequent injection, which ultimately leads to patient discomfort. For this reason, drug delivery system which can reduce total number of injection throughout the effective treatment, improve patient compliance as well as pharmacoeconomic. These biodegradable injectable drug delivery system offer attractive opportunities for protein delivery and could possibly extend patent life of protein drugs.Parenteral drug delivery system seeks to optimize therapeutic index by providing immediate drug to the systemic pool in required quantity to treat– cardiac attacks, respiratory attacks. This article explores various prolonged release parenteral drug delivery system and their strategies of preparation, their potential benefits/drawbacks and in-vitro testing methods.

About Authors:
Mr. Satyanand Tyagi
President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer,
Chattarpur, New Delhi, India.
Prof. Satyanand Tyagi is a life time member of various pharmacy professional bodies like IPA, APTI and IPGA. He has published various research papers and review articles. His academic works include 50 Publications (42 Review Articles and 08 Research Articles of Pharmaceutical, Medicinal and Clinical Importance, published in standard and reputed National and International Pharmacy journals; Out of 50 publications, 11 are International Publications).
sntyagi9@yahoo.com, +91-9871111375 / 9582025220

ABSTRACT:
Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most serious complications related to diabetes, often leading to end-stage kidney disease. Purple corn grown in Peru and Chile is a relative of blue corn, which is readily available in the U.S. The maize is rich in anthocyanins (also known as flavonoids), which are reported to have anti-diabetic properties. Scientists from the Department of Food and Nutrition and Department of Biochemistry at Hallym University in Korea investigated the cellular and molecular activity of purple corn anthocyanins (PCA) to determine whether and how it affects the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Their findings suggest that PCA inhibits multiple pathways involved in the development of DN, which may help in developing therapies aimed at type 2 diabetes and kidney disease. The aim of present article is to provide in depth knowledge about Purple Corn, their clinical and biological utility as well as their role in treatments of type 2 diabetes and kidney disease. An attempt is also made to focus on compounds found in purple corn which may aid in developing future treatments for type 2 Diabetes as well as kidney disease.

About Authors:
*Nilesh Sovasia, Prof.Sanjeev Thacker, Arshad Hala
Seth G.L.Bihani S.D.College Of Technical Education,
Institute Of Pharmaceutical Science & Drug Research,
Sri Ganganagar,Rajasthan,India
*nilesh.sovasia@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
Diuretic agents are very useful for several critical conditions like hypertension, heart failure, renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, and cirrhosis.The various methods for screening of Diuretic agents provides useful tool to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the drugs.It is also useful for determining the dose lavel of particular class of diuretic agents.

About Author:
Himani Sharma
B.Pharm, RGTU
shimani53@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Nanotechnology provide innovative tools that shed greater light on life cycle of normal cells and the point at which molecular processes and changes within cells become correlated with development of cancer. It should be possible to obtain large amount of information from a small source. They aid in analysis of parameters such as cellular mechanics, morphology and cytoskeleton which has been hard to achieve using conventional technology. Nano devices can detect cancer cells, identify cancer signatures and provide targeted delivery of anti cancer therapeutics and contrast agents to tumour cells. Nanotechnology is potential tool that could help detect the molecular changes and assist in focusing on preventive efforts. Nanotechnologies for medical applications have been maturing. Several therapeutic formulations entered clinical trials and are expected to have an impact on how cancer treatment is done in the future.

About Authors:
Satyanand Tyagi*
*President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer,
Chattarpur, New Delhi, India-110074.
Prof. Satyanand Tyagi is a life time member of various pharmacy professional bodies like IPA, APTI and IPGA. He has published various research papers and review articles. His academic works include 49 Publications (41 Review Articles and 08 Research Articles of Pharmaceutical, Medicinal and Clinical Importance, published in standard and reputed National and International Pharmacy journals; Out of 49 publications, 11 are International Publications).
*sntyagi9@yahoo.com, +91-9871111375 / 9582025220

ABSTRACT:
Erlotinib is a drug used to treat non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and several other types of cancer. It is a reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which acts on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). It is marketed in the United States by Genentech and OSI Pharmaceuticals and elsewhere by Roche. In lung cancer, it extends life by an average of 3.3 months at a cost of CDN $ 95,000. The hydrochloride salt of a quinazoline derivative of the drug shows antineoplastic properties. Competing with adenosine triphosphate, erlotinib reversibly binds to the intracellular catalytic domain of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, thereby reversibly inhibiting EGFR phosphorylation and blocking the signal transduction events and tumorigenic effects associated with EGFR activation. Erlotinib hydrochloride is approved to be used alone or with other drugs to treat:
* Non-small cell lung cancer that is locally advanced or has metastasized (spread to other parts of the body). It is used in patients who have already been treated with other chemotherapy.
* Pancreatic cancer. It is used with gemcitabine hydrochloride in patients whose disease cannot be removed by surgery or has metastasized.

Erlotinib hydrochloride is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. The aim of present article is to provide in depth knowledge about the drug Erlotinib as well as its role in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer as well as pancreatic cancer.The review has also focused about chemistry, pharmacology as well as clinical trial studies of the Erlotinib.

About Authors:
K.S.Khatri
S.K.Patel education and research, Kherva,
Mehasana-384001
kkhatri_pharm@yahoo.com

Abstract:
Interest in transdermal drug delivery systems has increased on several fronts over the past several years because of the inherent advantages over the oral delivery such as the avoidance of gastrointestinal absorption, enzymatic and pH associated deactivation. Stratum corneum forms highly lipophilic membrane and provides the greatest resistance to penetration of drugs. A number of chemical and physical permeation enhancement techniques have been investigated. Chemical enhancers represent the most widely studied approach to transdermal drug permeation enhancement but are associated with toxicity, therefore limiting their clinical application. In recent years the emergence of number of physical techniques has expanded the range of drugs that can be delivered transdermally. Promising new technologies involved in enhancing transdermal permeation are Abrasion, Electroporation, Sonophoresis/Phonophoresis, Pressure waves, Iontophoresis, Laser Radiation,Magnetophoresis, Microneedles, Needleless injection and many more. In the present reviewed tried to discuss alternate techniques of enhancing the transdermal transport.

[adsense:336x280:8701650588]