Pharmacology Articles

About Authors:
Nishant kumar singh
Research Fellow,
ICRI (Ahm) and Cranfield University
* nishantsingh.shree@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Over 3 decades HIV/AIDS have been a major globally accepted challenge, from endemic to a catastrophic pandemic & explodes globally. Estimates says 33.3 million HIV ^+ve and 2.6 million newly HIV infected people are in 2009. Since the beginning of epidemic, nearly 30 million people have died from AIDS related cause^[1].  From chimpanzees to human^[2] and then human to human (migration^[3], MSM, HS, IDU, MTC etc) and ultimately it transformed into pandemic. After 30 years we have advanced our treatment & Medicare knowledge of HIV and AIDS. Our scientist has developed several successful targets and drugs based on them, a highly effective therapy HAART currently in use (managing viral load & cell count for better patient survival rate) showing good results. Still HIV/AIDS is incurable, WHY? It shows the need of critical thinking from the very 1^st initial step i.e. TARGET. HIV itself is the target; biotech and Pharmaceutical Company must consider nanotechnology & homologous approach for CCR5. Though it seems that we have control over it but if this goes out same way, than one day just due to the HIV typical characteristic of mutation and recombination the worst Catastrophic sub Saharan-Africa epidemic will become Pandemic.[i]

About Authors:
Krunal Parikh^*, Mr. Maheshkumar Kataria, Jatin Patel, Tarun Patel, Dhiren Shah
Seth G. L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research,
Sriganganagar, India
*Krunal_2922@yahoo.in

ABSTRACT
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are plate-based assays designed for detecting and quantifying substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies and hormones. Other names, such as enzyme immunoassay (EIA), are also used to describe the same technology. In an ELISA, an antigen must be immobilized to a solid surface and then complexed with an antibody that is linked to an enzyme. Detection is accomplished by assessing the conjugated enzyme activity via incubation with a substrate to produce a measureable product. The most crucial element of the detection strategy is a highly specific antibody-antigen interaction. There are three methods of ELISA. Each type of ELISA can be used qualitatively to detect the presence of antibody or antigen. Alternatively, a standard curve based on known concentration of antibody or antigen is prepared, from which the unknown concentration of a sample can be determined.

About Authors:
A.D.Taranalli, Dilip Patoliya*, Sonal Chanchlani, Vishal Patel, Keyur Makadiya
Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics,
K.L.E. University’s College of Pharmacy, Belgaum.
*Dilip_patoliya@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT:
Ulcerative colitis is a chronically recurrent inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin in which oxidative stress has been implicated. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate possible protective effect of alcoholic extract of Aloe Vera against the drug induced model of colitis in rats. Induction of colitis by colonic administration of drugs(Acetic acid, Indomethacin and TNBS) cause severe microscopic inflammation of colon after 24 hrs of administration of one of any above  inducing agent, as assessed by the macroscopically. Microscopically colonic tissue showed ulceration, oedema and inflammatory cell infiltration. Biochemical estimation studies revealed decrease in serum levels of lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) may be due to increase in Colonic concentration of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF- α) and neutrophill infiltration index. Oxidative stress was indicated by reduced glutathione concentration (GSH) as well as increase in levels of lipid peroxidase (LPO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in colonic tissue. Pretreatment with Aloe Vera extract at a dose of (400mg/kg/day, orally),10 days before induction of colitis increase level of serum LDH and GHS, while colonic concentration of LPO and MPO was increased. It also showed decrease in macroscopic score. The findings of the present study provide evidence that Aloe Vera extract may be beneficial in inflammatory bowel disease.

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About Authors:
*Anton Vinoth.T , Prof .K. Nagarajan , Mr. Manikandan
Department of Pharmacy practice, K.M College of Pharmacy,
Madurai, Tamilnadu
*vinoth.anton@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Mood disorders (affective disorders) are among the most common mental disorders encountered in clinical practice and divided into bipolar disorders and depressive disorders. The essential feature of these disorders is a major disturbance in mood. Depression is common, affecting about 121 million people world wide. At its worst depression can lead to suicide, a tragic fatality associated with the loss of about 85000 lives every year. By the year 2020, depression is projected to reach the second Major depression is among the most common mental disorders encountered in clinical practice. The problems associated with depression can become chronic or recurrent and lead to substantial impairment in an individual’s ability to take care of his or her everyday responsibilities. At its worst depression can lead to suicide, a tragic fatality associated with the loss of a large number of lives every year. Depression is the leading cause of disability as measured by YLDs and the leading contributor to the global burden of diseases (DALYs) in 2000.

The present study is done as it is the role of a clinical pharmacist to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the drugs acting through specific antidepressant mechanisms and to assess the possibility of matching patient symptom profile with antidepressant mechanism to achieve more rapid response or greater efficacy.

The aim of the study is tocompare the efficacy of Citalopram and Escitalopram in the Major Depressive Disorder Patients during the first 8 weeks (acute phase) of treatment.

About Authors:
Ajay Kumar^*1, Dr. Bharat Prashar², Robin Sharma^1
1M. Pharm (Pharmacology)
²Head of Pharmacy Department
Manav Bharti University, Solan.
*ajaykumarsharma423@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, primarily manifesting as a loss of memory in old aged people. In this disease the destruction of neurons in the cortex and limbic structures of the CNS occurs, particularly in basal forebrain, amygdala, hippocampus, cerebral cortex.  These areas are associated with functions of higher learning, memory, reasoning, behaviour, identification, an emotional control in brain. Alzheimer's disease is a devastating disease whose recent increase in incidence rates has broad implications for rising health care costs. Clinically, patients initially present with short-term memory loss, subsequently followed by executive dysfunction, confusion, agitation, and behavioural disturbances. This review comprises aspects of the introduction, history, types, etiology, pathophysiologic mechanisms of neurological pathways of Alzheimer’s disease and the drug treatments and their target site.

About Authors:
*SOUMYA G., SRINIVAS S., NAVEEN KUMAR M., KRISHNA MOHAN C.
Department of Pharmacology,
St. John College of Pharmacy, Warangal,
Andhra Pradesh, India-5067371.
*sre_varma123@yahoo.co.in

Introducion:
Kidney stone formation or urolithiasis is a complex process that is a consequence of an imbalance between promoters and inhibitors in the kidneys. Even though the technological developments in the present medical practice the formation and growth of renal calculi continues to afflict humankind. Though various kinds of stone have been identified, calcium stones are the most common in human as well as rats. The rat experimental models of Calcium oxalate urolithiasis, induced by ethylene glycol alone, or in combination with other drugs such as ammonium chloride are often used to study the pathogenesis of kidney crystal deposition. The urolithiasis was induced by administration of gentamycin and calculi producing diet (5% ammonium oxalate in standard rat pellet feed) for 28 days to rats’ results in hyperoxaluria, Calcium oxalate crystalluria, and occasional deposition of CaOx crystals in the kidney.

About Authors:
Ms.Pratibha Chohan*, Mr.Prashant Mutha
B.Pharmacy, G. D. Memorial College of Pharmacy, Jodhpur.
*pmuthabiotech@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Brain is tightly segregated from the circulating blood by a unique membranous barrier, the blood – brain barrier (BBB). Many pharmaceuticals cannot be efficiently delivered to, or sustained within the brain; hence they are ineffective in treating a plethora of cerebral diseases. Therefore, drug delivery methods that can provide drug delivery to brain or eventually preferential brain delivery (i.e. brain targeting) are of particular interest. One technique that holds promise for bypassing the BBB to deliver drugs to the brain and eliminating the surgical risk and the spillover effect of drug to normal tissue is the intranasal delivery.

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