Review Articles

About Authors:
Bhupender Kumar*, Prof. Sudeep Bhardwaj, Monish Sharma, Ramchandra
Seth G.L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education (Institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences
And Drug Research), Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, 335001
*bhupendra.nimiwal@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
In a typical crossover design, each subject takes each of the treatments under investigation on different occasions. Comparative bioavailability or bioequivalence studies, in which two or more formulations of the same drug are compared, are usually designed as crossover studies. Perhaps the greatest appeal of the crossover design is that each patient acts as his or her own control. This feature allows for the direct comparison of treatments, and is particularly efficient in the presence of large inter individual variation. However, caution should be used when considering this design in studies where carryover effects or other interactions are anticipated. Under these circumstances, a parallel design may be more appropriate.

About Author:
Kambham Venkateswarlu
Graduate Student
Sri Lakshmi Narasimha College of Pharmacy,
Palluru, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh-517132, India.
k.v.reddy9441701016@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Many different types of laboratory fermentors and bioreactors are used worldwide. The selection of a good quality bioreactor is not easy. Some advantageous parameters found in one product are cancelled out by other draw backs in the same system. Good high quality bioreactors are very expensive. Even then ease of use is not assured. The question arises, whether it is possible to construct a bioreactor, which would satisfy most requirements. The most important are high quality and easy to use, perfect sterility, precise measurement, control and recording of all important culture parameters and lasts but not lasts, and the bioreactor shouldn’t expensive!

About Authors:
Bhupender Kumar*, Assit. Prof. Prasant Beniwal, Monish Sharma, Ramchandra
Seth G.L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education
(Institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences And Drug Research),
Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan
*bhupendra.nimiwal@gmail.com

Abstract:
Thermoanalytical methods essentially techniques that are based entirely on the concept of heating a sample followed by well-defined modified procedures, such as : gravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermogravimetric analysis measured weight change, differential scanning calorimetry measured heats and temperature of transitions and reactions, differential thermal analysis (DTA) measured temperatures of transitions and reactions.

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About Authors:
Awan Bharti^*1, Sweta Gautam^2
1Department of Pharmacognosy,
Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Pharmacy, Datia, M.P.
²Department of Pharmacognosy, RKDF College of Pharmacy, Bhopal
*bhartiawan@gmail.com, shwetagautam85@rediffmail

ABSTRACT
Interest in alternative medicine and plant-derived medications that affect the "mind" is growing. Anxiety affects one-eighth of the total population of the world and has become a very important area of research interest in psychopharmacology during this decade. Anxiety, a state of excessive fear, is characterized by motor tension, sympathetic hyperactivity, and apprehension and vigilance syndromes. Benzodiazepines are the major class of compounds used in anxiety and they have remained the most commonly prescribed treatment for anxiety, despite the important unwanted side effects that they produce such as sedation, muscle relaxation, ataxia, amnesia, ethanol and barbiturate potentiation and tolerance. Various types of herbal medicines have been used as anxiolytic drugs in different parts of the world. Folk medicines have particular values, for example, plants that "calm down", tranquilize, and raise mood, such as Passiflora coerulea, Valeriana officinalis, Matricaria recutita, Jatropa cilliata, Salvia guaranitica, Tilia tormentosa, and Tilia europeae. Plants have long been used to treat central nervous system (CNS) disorders.

About Authors:
Nareshkumar. G¹*, A.Eashwar rao², Ch.Ganga prasad³.
¹*Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, IST, JNTU Hyderabad, India,
²Talla Padmavathi College of Pharmacy, Warangal, India,
³National College of Pharmacy, Shimoga, Karnataka, India.
*nareshkumar62@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Liquisolid technique is a new and propitious method that can change the dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drugs. According to the new formulation method of liquisolid compacts, liquid medications such as solutions or suspensions of water insoluble drugs in suitable non-volatile liquid vehicles can be converted into acceptably flowing and compressible powders by blending with selected powder excipients. It has been speculated that such systems exhibit enhanced release profiles. In this case, even though the drug is in a solid dosage form, it is held within the powder substrate in solution or, in a solubilized, almost molecularly dispersed state, which contributes to the enhanced drug dissolution properties. Successful liquisolid tablet is a determination of optimal flowable liquid retention.

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About Authors:
Sharda roy*, vikas chandra roy, dr. R. C. Roy
Address Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Global College of Pharmacy.
Kahnpur Khui. Punjab.
*roysharda08@gmail.com

Abstract:
Mitragyna parvifolia is a medium to large size tree belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It is popularly known as Kaim and is found growing gregariously throughout the drier parts of India, Pakistan and Srilanka. The aerial parts, stem-bark and roots of the tree contain various indolic (tetrahydroalstonine, akkuamigine, hirsuteine etc) and oxindolic (mitraphylline, isomitraphylline, pteropodine, isopteropodine etc) alkaloids. Important variations in the nature and quantity of alkaloids present in different parts of the plant are visible with change in geographical locations. In addition, various parts of the tree such as fruit juice, leaves and stem bark have been used in the traditional system of medicine by the natives and tribal since times immemorial. Mitragyna parvifolia has also got diverse medicinal and therapeutic properties such as analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, anthelmentic, antioxidant etc which have been validated scientifically. In this study we have critically reviewed the pharmacognostic and chemical profile, the traditional and the scientifically validated bioactivities of the plant.

About Authors:
Dharmendra Kumar^*1, Sumedha Bansal^1
1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Meerut, Uttar Pardesh, India, 250005
*rvnimiet@gmail.com

Abstract:
In present era, nasal drug delivery system has been considered as potential and favourable route of drug delivery because it provides patient compliance, easy to administration, bypass first pass metabolism, excellent penetration, low dose required, rapid absorption and gives desirable effects. So many times nasal drug delivery has been considered as alternative of parenteral route. The purpose of this review, to provide a complete information about nasal drug delivery system such as advantage, limitations, anatomy of nose, mechanism of drug absorption, factors affecting of nasal drug delivery, absorption improvement aspects, novel drug formulations, types of nasal drug delivery system with uses of nasal drug delivery in various disease. So we have expectation, that researches and others cited person get benefitted from this review.

About Author:
Bandana patel
Shri Ram Institute Of Technology
Jabalpur(M.P.) 482002
Vandanapatel.mbbs@gmail.com

Abstract:
Tagetes erectus leaf  were evaluated against various gram +ve and gram–ve bacteria and fungi, ethanol extracts exhibited very satisfactory inhibitory activity. Further studies involving the isolation, characterization and purification of the chemical compounds of the plant and screening for antibacterial and antifungal may result in the development of a potent entity which will be of lower toxicity and a high therapeutic value to the mankind.

About Authors:
Ravindra K. Kamble, Priyadarshani R. Kamble*
Department of Pharmaceutics and Quality Assurance,
Bhupal Nobles’ College of Pharmacy, Udaipur, Rajasthan, INDIA.
*priya.s.bansode@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Recent studies reported approval of lipid vesicles as drug carriers for chemotherapeutic agents and bio-actives which have been revealed in a number of lipid vesicles based formulations, which are commercially available or are currently undergoing clinical trials. This review is mainly focused on effectiveness and permeation enhancing controversy of lipid vesicles as dermal and transdermal drug delivery with special emphasis on recent advances in this field, including the development of deformable vesicles, ethosomes and invasomes. Only specially designed lipid vesicles have been shown to be capable of achieving enhanced delivery. The incorporation of additives, such as anionic surfactants and ethanol, fluidize the phospholipid bilayers, thus can penetrate the intercellular pathways of the skin.