Pharmaceutics Articles

About Authors:
Patel Chirag J*, Asija Rajesh, Asija Sangeeta
Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics,
Jaipur, Rajasthan.
*chirag.bangalore@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Solubility, the phenomenon of dissolution of solute in solvent to give a homogenous system, is one of the important parameters to achieve desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for desired pharmacological response. Low aqueous solubility is the major problem encountered with formulation development of new chemical entities as well as for the generic development. The insufficient dissolution rate of the drug is the limiting factor in the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble compounds. This review discusses BCS classification, carriers for solubility enhancement and different techniques for solubility enhancement.Various techniques are used for the enhancement of the solubility of poorly soluble drugs which include micronization, nanonization, sonocrystallization, supercritical fluid method, spray freezing into liquid and lyophilization, evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution, use of surfactant, use of co-solvent, hydrotropy method, use of salt forms, solvent deposition, solubilizing agents, modification of the crystal habit, co-crystallisation, complexation and drug dispersion in carriers.Selection of solubility improving method depends on drug property, site of absorption, and required dosage form characteristics.With the advent of combinatorial chemistry and a high throughput screening, the number of poorly water soluble compounds has increased solubility. A success of formulation depends on how efficiently it makes the drug available at the site of action.The purpose of this review article is to describe the techniques of solubilization for the attainment of effective absorption with improved bioavailability.

About Authors:
Mr. Rajat Kumar Pandeya
M. Pharm., Dept. of Pharmaceutics,
Noida Institute of Engg. & Technology
Greater Noida, India.
rajatkumar.pandeya@gmail.com

ABSTRACT :
Oral disintegrating tablets (ODTs) have received ever-increasing demand during the last decade, and the field has become a rapidly growing area in the pharmaceutical industry. Upon introduction into the mouth, these tablets dissolve or disintegrate in the mouth in the absence of additional water for easy administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The popularity and usefulness of the formulation resulted in development of several ODT technologies. This review describes various formulations and technologies developed to achieve fast dissolution/dispersion of tablets in the oral cavity. In particular, this review describes in detail FDT technologies based on lyophilization, molding, sublimation, and compaction, as well as approaches to enhancing the ODT properties, such as spraydrying, moisture treatment, sintering, and use of sugar-based disintegrants. In addition, taste-masking technologies, experimental measurements of disintegration times, and clinical studies are also discussed.

About Authors:
Bhuvnesh^*1, G.Gnanarajan¹, Preeti Kothiyal¹
Department of Pharmacy, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology & Science P.O. Box
80, Patel Nagar , Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand , India¹
*bhuvnesh.grg89@gmail.com

Abstract
Pulsatile drug delivery systems (PDDS) are gaining importance in the field of pharmaceutical technology as these systems deliver the right dose at specific time at a specific site. A pulsatile drug release, where the drug is released rapidly after a well defined lag-time, could be advantageous for many drugs or therapies.A pulse has to be designed in such a way that a complete and rapid drug release is achieved after the lag time so as to match body’s circadian rhythms with the release of drug which increases the efficacy and safety of drugs by proportioning their peak plasma concentrations during the 24 hours in synchrony with biological rhythm. Pulsatile release systems can be classified in multiple-pulse and single-pulse systems.  Various techniques are available for the pulsatile delivery like pH dependent systems, time dependent systems, etc. A popular class of single-pulse systems is that of rupturable dosage forms. Advantages of the pulsatile drug delivery system are reduced dose frequency; reduce side effects, drug targeting to specific site like colon and many more. Now in market varies technologies of pulsatile drug delivery system like Pulsincap, Diffucaps etc. are launched by pharmaceutical companies.

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About Authors:
SHAMBHAWI*, M SHIVASHANKAR
School of Advanced Sciences, Pharmaceutical chemistry division,
VIT University, VELLORE
India

ABSTRACT:
Chitosan has been the subject of interest for its use as a polymeric drug carrier material in dosage form design due to its appealing properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity and relatively low production cost from abundant natural sources. Hydrogels are a unique class of macromolecular networks that can hold a large fraction of an aqueous solvent within their structure. The objective of this paper is to give a brief review on the fundamentals and recent advances in chitosan based hydrogel for e.g., thermosensitive hydrogel variants which precludes the need of surgical implantation as well as the description of the release mechanism of bioactive molecules from these hydrogels which traps a drug and then releases the active compound by "Swelling" or expanding inside of specific tissues, thus allowing a higher concentration of the drug in a biodegradable format. This article presents an overview of the newest developments and applications of Chitosan based hydrogel for controlled drug delivery system.

About Authors:
Nishant kumar gupta, *Aadesh kumar
Dept. of pharmacy BIT meerut
*adesh.adi.chaudhary@gmail.com

Abstract:
There was a point in time when packaging in pharmaceutical industry is symbolized for substantial safeguard, for identification and for merely endowing with a piece of information to any person who agree to it. But the changing scenario has been conveyed an assortment of changes, as in this day and age packaging provides the prevention of product tampering and counterfeiting, the assurance of product dispensing accuracy, child protection and the promotion of patient compliance with product dosage schedules. In the precedent time we used packaging materials, labels, holograms and some introductory communications; but these days together with them we use mobile applications, an innovative and creative unit, altering labeling standards, luxurious packaging, a packaging development team, anti-counterfeiting packaging extravaganza, hi-tech module for packaging demonstrate and an intelligent outlook. Packaging schoolwork has such an individual place in the market of counterfeit or fake drugs as nowhere. Packaging developer has an only effort to engender a special design that can competent with both fake brands and generic brand of that drug with ‘Me-too’ names.

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About Authors:
Renu^1*, Shashi Kant^2*, Rajendra Yadav³, Amit Kumar Tyagi^4
1Faculty of Pharmacy, Shivdan Singh Institute of Technology and Management, Aligarh (U.P)
²Jubilant Chemsys Ltd, Noida,
³Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurukul Kangri University Haridwar, 
⁴Department of Chemistry, Meerut College, Meerut (U.P)
*shashi.pharma83@gmail.com

ABSTRACT :
Diclofenac is currently the eighth largest-selling drug and the most frequently used NSAID (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) in the world, since its introduction in Japan in 1974. Diclofenac is among the better tolerated NSAIDs. Only major adverse effect of Diclofenac is that it causes direct and indirect irritation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). To reduce the side effects on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and to improve therapeutic efficacy of Diclofenac, it can be formulated in polymeric microspheres.
The use of polymeric carriers in formulations of therapeutic drug delivery systems has gained widespread application, due to their advantage of being biodegradable and biocompatible. Among the microparticulate systems, microspheres have a special importance since it is possible to target drugs and provide controlled release. Diclofenac sodium (DS), is a potent drug in the NSAID group having non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory properties, and is widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. In this present study, it was aimed to prepare microsphere formulations of DS using a natural biodegradable polymer as a carrier for administration to extend the duration period of the dosage form. Microsphere formulations of DS which were prepared were evaluated in vitro for particle size, yield value, encapsulation efficiency, surface morphology, and in vitro drug release.

About Authors:
Kapil Sharma^*1, Subhash Gupta ^2
1 Yaresun Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd.,India.
² Oasis test house ltd. Jaipur-302006, Rajasthan, India.
*pharma_kapil@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT
A method for simultaneous estimation of Atorvastatin (ATVS) and Amlodipine (AMLD) in raw material and in combined tablet dosage form has been developed. The method employs the application of RP-HPLC. Chromatgraphy was carried out on a nucleosil C-18,250 x 4.6 mm column using a mixture of phosphate buffer and methanol  (50:50 v/v)  as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.3 ml/min.  Run time was 15 min.  Detection was done at 245 nm and retention time of ATVS was 6.97 min and 3.96 min of AMLD.³  This method produced linear responses in the concentration range 20-140 µg/ml and 10-70 µg/ml for ATVS and AMLD respectively. The accuracy of the method was assessed by recovery studies and was found to be 100.54± 0.19 and 100.08±0.80 for ATVS and AMLD respectively.The procedure was successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of both drugs in laboratory prepared mixture of raw material and in market available tablet dosage form. Results of the analysis were validated statistically so that it can be used for routine analysis of ATVS and AMLD in combined tablet dosage form.^4-6

About Authors:
DHIRAJ YADAV
BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY,
LUCKNOW
dhirajyadav06@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Miconazole is the antifungal drug, has been used in the treatment of fungal infection of skin and also in yeast infection. In order to decrease the skin rashes, skin irritation, and also for best effect on the skin, miconagol gels have been developed. This study was conducted to develop a gel formulation of miconazole using four types of gelling agents: carbopol, carboxymethylcellulose sodium (Na CMC) and sodium alginate. Effect of penetration enhancer (propylene glycol) on the release has been studied. The gels were evaluated for physical appearance, rheological behaviour, drug release and stability. The drug release from all gelling agents through a standard cellophane membrane was evaluated using Keshary-Chien diffusion cell. All batches of gels showed acceptable physical properties concerning colour, homogeneity, consistency, spreadability and pH value.
Among all the gel formulations, carbopol showed superior drug release than followed by Na CMC, and sodium alginate. Drug release decreased with increase in polymer concentration. Drug release was not linearly proportional with the concentration of penetration enhancer or co-solvents. Stability studies showed that the physical appearance, rheological properties, and drug release remained unchanged upon storage for two months at ambient condition.