Pharmacology Articles

23 January 2013

A CLINICAL STUDY ON THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF VIRAL HEPATITIS-A IN PAEDITRICS

About Author:
Kambham Venkateswarlu
1-Final Year Graduate Student
Sri Lakshmi Narasimha College of Pharmacy,
Palluru, Chottoor-517132, Andhra Pradesh, India.
k.v.reddy9441701016@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Hepatitis is a general term meaning inflammation of the liver and can be caused by a variety of different viruses such as hepatitis-A, B, C, D, and E. Since the development of jaundice is a characteristic of liver disease, a correct diagnosis can only be made by testing patient’s sera for the presence of specific anti-viral antibiotics. Transmission of HAV is typically by the faecal, oral route. Hepatitis A was formerly called infectious hepatitis, Epidemic hepatitis, Epidemic jaundice, Catarrhal jaundice, type A hepatitis, HA.
18 January 2013

Biosensor for HIV Diagnosis at All Stages of Infection- A Nano Idea

About Authors:
Dhanya V C
Kasturba medical college, Manipal University
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
dhanya285@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION:
A biosensor is a device that uses specific biochemical reactions mediated by isolated enzymes, immunosystems, tissues, organelles or whole cells to detect chemical compounds usually by electrical, thermal or optical signals (1). Or in other words, Sensor that integrates a biological element with a physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a single analyte which is then conveyed to a detector.

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16 January 2013

REVIEW ON PROSTATE CANCER THERAPY

About Authors:
Kambham Venkateswarlu¹*, G.Sujatha²
¹Graduate Student
²Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Sri Lakshmi Narasimha College of Pharmacy, Palluru,
Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh-517132, India.
*k.v.reddy9441701016@gmail.com

I. INTRODUCTION
1.1. WHAT IS PROSTATE CANCER?
Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men worldwide. It is a disease of the prostate gland in which malignant cells form in the tissues of the prostate and multiply out of control. These cells often metastasize to other parts of the body, like the rectum, the bladder and especially, the bones and the lymph nodes. It generally arises near the surface of the gland so that it can be diagnosed easily by digital rectal examination (DRE). Depending on the extent of metastasis, the prostate cancer tissue has been graded using the Gleason System into a score of 2 to 10 or into four stages I-IV (or, A-D), indicating the likelihood of spreading of the disease to other parts of the body.

Although several types of cells are found in the prostate, over 99% of the cancers occur in the gland cells only (cells which make the prostate fluid which is added to the semen). Such type of cancer is termed as adenocarcinoma. The region of prostate gland where the adenocarcinoma is most common is the peripheral zone. Other types of cancer can also start in the prostate gland, including sarcomas (like leiomyosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma), small cell carcinomas, and transitional cell carcinomas, although they are extremely rare. Generally, the cancer grows and spreads very slowly. Early prostate cancer most often causes no symptoms. Sometimes, however there are signs and symptoms very close to those of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
15 January 2013

BRUGADA SYNDROME: DIAGNOSIS, ORIGIN, RELATION WITH OTHER SYNDROMES

About Author:
Kambham venkateswarlu
Graduate student
Sri Lakshmi Narasimha College of Pharmacy, Palluru,
Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh-517132, India.
k.v.reddy9441701016@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Brugada syndrome is a genetic cause of sudden cardiac arrest characterized by abnormal electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern in the right precordial leads either at rest or after provocation. In this condition, sudden death may occur due to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. In approximately 30% of patients, sudden cardiac arrest is the initial clinical manifestation of Brugada syndrome.
14 January 2013

BRUGADA SYNDROME: ETIOLOGY AND GENETICS, INCIDENCE, PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

About Author:
Kambham Venkateswarlu
Graduate Student
Sri Lakshmi Narasimha College of Pharmacy,
Palluru, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh-517132, India.
k.v.reddy9441701016@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
This is an inherited arrhythmia that causes the bottom chambers of the heart (the ventricles) to beat so fast that they can prevent the blood from circulating efficiently in the body. When this situation occurs (called ventricular fibrillation), the individual will faint and may die in a few minutes if the heart is not reset. While this is a disease that usually affects people in their 30's, it has actually been described at all ages. So it is important to screen everybody in a family. Not everybody who has the disease will have arrhythmias. However, we cannot know yet who will be OK and who will have problems. If you have had fainting spells related to Brugada syndrome, our experience indicates that you are at very high risk of having them again.
30 December 2012

CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF CITRULLINE-A NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID PRESENT IN WATERMELON: AN OVERVIEW

About Authors:
Gaurav Singh^*1, Prof. Satyanand Tyagi², Patel Chirag J³, Patel Pinkesh³, Tarun Parashar¹, Soniya¹
¹*Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Rajawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India-248007.
²President & Founder, Tyagi Pharmacy Association (TPA) & Scientific Writer (Pharmacy), Chattarpur, New Delhi, India-110074.
³Department of Pharmaceutics, Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India-302020.
*gaurav.hipr@gmail.com, +91-8057832184/9236167104

ABSTRACT:
Citrulline is a non-essential amino acid, meaning that the body can manufacture it from other nutrients. Within the body, citrulline is converted to the amino acid L-arginine i.e. citrulline acts as a precursor of amino acid arginine. Some of the proposed uses of citrulline supplements are based on raising levels of arginine. Citrulline also plays a role in a physiological process called “the urea cycle,” in which toxic ammonia is converted to urea. Citrulline boosts our energy levels by lowering blood lactate concentration. It also enhances the process of elimination of ammonia. Although citrulline is not coded for by DNA directly, several proteins are known to contain citrulline as a result of a posttranslational modification.

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14 December 2012

PPARG AGONIST: ROLE OF DIABETES IN TYPE- 2

About Author:
swati khandelwal
Maharishi arvind college of pharmacy,
rajasthan university of health science, jaipur
imswatikhandelwal@gmail.com

1. DIABETES
1.1 INTRODUCTION-
Diabetes is a condition in which the body does not produce enough, or properly respond to, insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas. Insulin enables cells to absorb glucose in order to turn it into energy. In diabetes, the body either does not respond properly to its own insulin or does not make enough insulin, or both. This causes glucose to accumulate in the blood, often leading to various complications.
The term diabetes, without qualification, usually refers to diabetes mellitus, which is associated with excessive sweet urine (known as “glycosuria”) but there are several rarer conditions also named diabetes. The most common of these is diabetes insipid us in which the urine is not sweet (insipid us meaning “without taste” in Latin); it can be caused either by kidney or pituitary gland.

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6 December 2012

CLINICAL INDICATIONS OF HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS (HSP): A PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW

About Authors:
Tarun Parashar^1*, Soniya¹, Satyanand Tyagi², Patel Chirag J³, Rishikesh Gupta⁴, Ram Narayan Prajapati⁴
¹*Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Rajawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India-248002.
²President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (Pharmacy), Chattarpur, New Delhi, India-110074.
³Department of Pharmaceutics, Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India-302020.
⁴Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India-284128.
*parashar89tarun@gmail.com, +91-7838447014/08006939831

ABSTRACT:
Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a group of proteins the expression of which is increased when the cells are exposed to elevated temperatures. HSP are present in cells under normal conditions, but are expressed at high levels when exposed to sudden temperature jump or other stress. HSP stabilize proteins and are involved in the folding of denatured proteins. High temperatures and other stresses, such as altered pH and oxygen deprivation, make it more difficult for proteins to form their proper structures and cause some already structures protein to unfold. Left uncorrected, mis-folded proteins form aggregates that may eventually kill the cell. HSB are induced rapidly at highly levels to deal with this problem. HSP have wide clinical applications, they are not only useful as Cancervaccine adjuvant as well as anticancer therapeutics, and also they are useful in agricultural field. The aim of present article is to provide in depth knowledge about clinical indications of these proteins so called as “Heat Shock Proteins”.
An attempt is also made to focus on functions, characteristics, types, qualities, clinical significance as well as brief description of Heatshock proteins.
6 December 2012

NATURALLY OCCURRING MYCOTOXINS – AFLATOXIN

About Authors:
Sahu Deepak*
Ass. Professor, Geetanjali Institute of Pharmacy,
Dabok, Udaipur [Rajasthan] – 313022
deepak.sahu.bhl@gmail.com
{ DOWNLOAD AS PDF }

Abstract:
A toxin produced by mold that can damage the liver and may lead to liver cancer. Aflatoxins cause cancer in some animals. The fungi that produce aflatoxin grow on crops such as peanuts (especially) and wheat, corn, beans and rice. Aflatoxin is a problem particularly in undeveloped and developing countries.
Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by two types of mold: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aspergillus flavus is common and widespread in nature and is most often found when certain grains are grown under stressful conditions such as drought. The mold occurs in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains undergoing microbiological deterioration and invades all types of organic substrates whenever and wherever the conditions are favorable for its growth. Favorable conditions include high moisture content and high temperature. At least 13 different types of aflatoxin are produced in nature with aflatoxin B1 considered as the most toxic. While the presence of Aspergillus flavus does not always indicate harmful levels of aflatoxin it does mean that the potential for aflatoxin production is present.^1,2,3
5 December 2012

A REVIEW ON ANTIMALARIAL AGENTS

About Authors:
Gunjan Kalyani*¹, Vishal S. Deshmukh¹, Yogesh Vaishnav¹
¹Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Pharmacy,
Kumhari-490 042, Chhattisgarh
kalyani.gunjan@yahoo.in, rvg_54767@yahoo.co.in*

ABSTRACT
Malaria caused mostly by P. falciparum and P. vivax, remains one of the most important infectious diseases in the world. The numbers of antimalarial drugs in use are very small. Drug toxicity must be acceptable to patients and should cause less harm than the disease itself. Assessment of hazard and risk varies throughout drug development as more persons are exposed for longer periods of time and more nonclinical information on the hazard is collected and evaluated. Cancer risk for human pharmaceuticals is important because drugs are taken at pharmacologically active doses and often on a chronic basis. Epidemiologic studies on patient populations have limited value because of the long latency period for most cancers and because these studies lack sensitivity. Besides the mutagenicity and genotoxicity testing of antimalarial drugs as a part of pre-clinical trials, there are several literatures confirming the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of marketed antimalarial drugs. Genetic abnormalities may also play a part in the incidence and severity of adverse reactions to drugs. In this paper, a comprehensive review of literature pertaining to the mutagenic and genotoxic properties of some commonly used antimalarial drugs is presented.