Pharmaceutics Articles

About Authors:
Arpit Sharma
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University
Solan, H.P. India
asarpitsharma1@gmail.com

Abstract
The gastro retentive drug delivery system is a novel approach for the drugs having narrow absorption window in the gastrointestinal tract and has poor absorption. Gastro retentive drug delivery system mainly prolongs the gastric emptying time, thereby targeting site-specific drug release. Several techniques such as floating drug delivery system, low density system, raft system, mucoadhesive system, high density system, super porous hydro gel and magnetic system, have been employed. The physiological problems like short gastric residence time and unpredictable gastric emptying time were overcome with the use of floating dosage forms which provide opportunity for both local and systemic effect. Floating drug delivery system enable prolonged and continuous input of the drug to the upper part of the gastro retentional tract and improve the bioavailability of medication that is characterized by a narrow absorption window. The present review addresses briefly about the floating drug delivery system.

About Author:
AJEET*
Department of Pharmaceutics
S. D. College of Pharmacy and Vocational Studies,
Muzaffarnagar, U.P. India Pin: 251001
*ajeet_pharma111@rediffmail.com

INTRODUCTION
Amongst the various routes of drug delivery, oral route is perhaps the most preferred to the patient and the clinician alike. However, peroral administration of drugs has disadvantages such as hepatic first pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation within the GI tract, that prohibit oral administration of certain classes of drugs especially peptides and proteins. Consequently, other absorptive mucosae are considered as potential sites for drug administration. Transmucosal routes of drug delivery (i.e., the mucosal linings of the nasal, rectal, vaginal, ocular, and oral cavity) offer distinct advantages over peroral administration for systemic drug delivery. These advantages include possible bypass of first pass effect, avoidance of presystemic elimination within the GI tract, and, depending on the particular drug, a better enzymatic flora for drug absorption.

ABOUT AUTHORS:
YASWANTH ALLAMNENI^1*, NAVYA ALLAMNENI², R AMARNATH¹, T RAMASWAMY CHOWDARY¹, V SATYANARAYANA¹, K VENKATESWARA RAO^1
1Research and Development Department, Natco Pharma Limited, Kothur, Mahaboobnagar, Andhra Pradesh – 509228.
²Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Narasaraopeta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Narasaraopeta, Guntur,
Andhra Pradesh, India.
*yaswanthallamneni@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The main aim of this article was to review the development of ODTs, challenges in formulation, new ODT technologies and evaluation methodologies, suitability of drug candidates, and future prospects.Over the past three decades, orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) have gained considerable attention as a preferred alternative to conventional tablets and capsules due to better patient compliance. ODTs are solid dosage forms containing medicinal substances which disintegrate rapidly, usually in a matter of seconds, when placed on the tongue. Orally disintegrating tablets are also called as orodispersible, quick disintegrating, mouth dissolving, fast disintegrating, rapid dissolving tablets, porous tablets, and rapimelts.Orally disintegrating systems have carved a niche amongst the oral drug delivery systems due to the highest component of compliance they enjoy in patients especially the geriatrics and pediatrics. However, of all the above terms, USP approved these dosage forms as ODTs.  These tablets are distinguished from conventional sublingual tablets, lozenges, and buccal tablets which require more than a minute to dissolve in the mouth. According to the recently issued draft guidance for Industry of orally disintegrating tablets, FDA specifically recommends that, in addition to the original definition for an ODT, ODTs be considered solid oral preparations that disintegrate rapidly in the oral cavity, with an in vitro disintegration time of approximately 30 sec or less according to the united states pharmacopoeia (USP) disintegration method or alternative. ODTs release drug in the mouth for absorption through local oromucosal tissues and through pregastric (e.g., oral cavity, pharynx, and oesophagus), gastric (i.e., stomach) and post gastric (e.g. .small and large intestines) segments of the gastrointestinal tract.

About Authors:
Marvinkumar I. Patel^*, Ravi R. Patel
Nootan Pharmacy College,
Visnagar,
Gujarat, India
*patel.marvin62@gmail.com

Abstract:
Dendrimer chemistry was first introduced in 1978 by Fritz Vogtle and coworkers. He synthesized the first “cascade molecules”, today known as dendritic molecules. The dendrimer architecture permits control over properties such as shape, size, density, polarity, reactivity and solubility. Dendrimer density functions and starburst limits can be easily modeled mathematically. Dendrimers have stimulated wide interest in the field of chemistry and biology, especially in applications like drug delivery, gene therapy and chemotherapy. A treatment of Cancer mainly focused on the targeting the active drug molecule at the site without affecting the neighbour cells and dendrimers have this property which is useful in diagnosis and treatment purpose which is a new hope in this area of Cancer treatment.

About Authors:
YASWANTH ALLAMNENI^1*, NAVYA ALLAMNENI², P DAYANANDA CHARY¹, G VIJAY KUMAR³, ARUN KUMAR KALEKAR¹, PAVAN KUMAR POTTURI^1
1Research and Development Department, Natco Pharma Limited, Kothur, Mahaboobnagar,Andhra Pradesh – 509228.
²Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Narasaraopeta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Narasaraopeta, Guntur, India.
³Principal, A.K.R.G college of Pharmacy, Nallagerla, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh.
*yaswanthallamneni@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Water is widely used as a raw material, ingredient, and solvent in the processing, formulation, and manufacture of pharmaceutical products, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and intermediates, compendial articles, and analytical reagents. This review discusses, primarily from a microbiological aspect, the review and evaluation of high purity water systems that are used for the manufacture of drug products and drug substances. It also includes a review of the design of the various types of systems and some of the problems that have been associated with these systems. As with other guides, it is not all-inclusive, but provides background and guidance for the review and evaluation of high purity water systems. The main objective of this review was to provide guidance to the industry on the pharmaceutical use of different grades of water in the manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients and medicinal products for human and veterinary use. This guidance is not intended to cover situations where, for example, medicinal products are prepared extemporaneously or where preparations are reconstituted or diluted with water prior to use by pharmacist (eg. Oral antibiotic mixtures) or in the case of veterinary products by the user (eg. Sheep dips).

About Author:
Shambhavi Singh
B.Pharm (IV) School of Pharmaceutical Science,
Jaipur national university, Jaipur(RAJ.)
*shambhavisingh3111@gmail.com

Abstract
Broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed in one third patients for urinary tract infection, and use of third-generation cephalosporins has doubled in the past decade.
Bacteria in pregnancy frequently produce the risk of pyelonephritis, preterm labour, and low birth weight infants. Commonly prescribed antibiotics such as ampicillin (pivampicillin), amoxicillin, fluroqunin, trimethoprim, and sulphonamide are currently associated with development of a high degree of resistance towards most common pathogen responsible for causing urinary tract infection, Escherichia coli. During the past few decades new researches have been made against development of resistance in antibiotic and new drugs are synthesised. The presumption that if a specific drug is safe for the both pregnant woman and the foetus depends on how widely the drug has been used. A recent survey among general practitioners and obstetricians in confirmed that the beta-lactam antibiotic pivmecillinam and ciphalosporins are the most commonly used agents in the treatment of bacteriuria in pregnancy However, a surprisingly high number of physicians reported that they prescribe TMP/SMX during the first two trimesters in spite of resistance of E. coli and possible adverse effects on the foetus.

About Authors:
Gourab Saha^*1, Akshaya Kumar Malana, Dr. Sambhit Parida^2
1. Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohuda, Berhampur – 760002, Orissa, India
² College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohuda, Berhampur – 760002, Orissa, India
*gourab.pharma2012@gmail.com

Abstract
This study investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of the methanolic extract of Achyranthes aspera Linn. (Amaranthaceae) in male albino rats after intramuscular administration. This was done using the carrageenan-induced paw edema method (acute inflammatory model).Methanolic extract of Achyranthes aspera showed significant anti-inflammatory activity similar to diclofenac and indomethacin.

About Authors:
D.K Jain*, G.N Darwhekar, Vikas Gupta
College of Pharmacy, IPS Academy
Indore (M.P)-452012, India
*jaindkj57@yahoo.com

Abstract
Convenience of administration and patient compliance are gaining significant importance in the design of dosage forms. Metformin hydrochloride and Glimepiride are orally administered antihyperglycemic agent, used in the management of non-insulin-dependent (type-2) diabetes mellitus. Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) is common among all age groups, especially in elderly and pediatrics. Unfortunately, a high percentage of patients suffering from type-2 diabetes are elderly people showing dysphagia. Persons suffering from dysphagia may get choked when they consume liquid formulation, thus to alleviate such problem liquid formulation of high viscosity was prepared. Formulation of oral soft jellies  was carried out using combination of hydrophilic polymers guar gum and pectin. 3 different  concentrations of guar gum (0.3 to 0.5% w/v)  and 2 concentration of pectin were used (0.2 to 0.3% w/v)  respectively. The prepared batches were evaluated for appearance, viscosity, pH, drug content, syneresis, in vitro drug release, and taste masking. The batch with 0.5% w/v guar gum and 0.2% pectin not only showed 80% drug release at 60 min, but all the desired organoleptic properties. The taste masking was carried out using non nutritive sugar and flavors. The optimized batch showed substantial stability when subjected to short term stability study (0-8°C and Room temperature). The problem of dose measurement by patients was outweighed as oral medicated gels are to be packed in unit dose container.