Pharmaceutics Articles

About Authors:
Richa Thakur^*, Gaurav Swami, M.S. Rathore, A.K. Sharma
CT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Jalandhar, Punjab, India
*thakur.richa89@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of the eye render this organ exquisitely impervious to foreign substances. The main challenge to the formulator is to circumvent the protective barriers of the eye without causing permanent tissue damage. The newly developed particulate and vesicular systems like liposomes, pharmacosomes and discosomes are useful in delivering the drug for a longer extent and helpful in reaching the systemic circulation. The most recent advancements of the ocular delivery systems provide the delivery of the genes and proteins to the internal structures which were once inaccessible and thus are of great importance in treating the diseases which are caused due to genetic mutation, failure in normal homeostasis, malignancy but also maintaining the physiological function of eye. The review focuses on the developments achieved in this mode of delivery of the drugs along with the pros and cons associated with greater focus on the advanced delivery systems.

About Authors:
Yamini Pendyala*, Sudha Talasila, M.sulthana
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Padmavathi College of Pharmacy and Research Institute,
Periyanahalli, Tamilnadu.
*Yamini.pendyala45@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research was to formulate and systemically evaluate in-vitro and in-vivo performances of mucoadhesive Ramipril microspheres for its potential use in the treatment of hypertension, myocardial infraction. Ramipril mucoadhesive microspheres, containing chitosan as mucoadhesive polymer and ethyl cellulose as carrier polymer, were prepared by an emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. Preformulation studies were carried out before formulation design. Total seven formulations were prepared.Microspheres were discrete, spherical, free-flowing and showed a good percentage of drug entrapment efficiency. An in-vitro wash off test showed that Ramipril mucoadhesive microspheres adhered more strongly to the gastric mucous layer and could be retained in the gastrointestinal tract for an extended period of time. In-vitro dissolution test was carried out by using phosphate buffer pH 6.8. All the formulations showed good dissolution profiles. Among all the formulation F5 showed good dissolution profile with 81.0% of drug release in 12 hours. In-vitro release kinetic data of Ramipril microspheres showed that the drug release mechanism was diffusion controlled as the plots of Higuichi model was linear. All formulations exhibited Non-Fickian diffusion (n value is in between 0.5 to 1) mechanism. Stability studies were done for the selected formulation indicates that there is no change in drug content of the formulation.The results showed a sustained anti-hypertensive effect over a longer period of time in case of mucoadhesive microspheres, compared to the powder. In conclusion, the prolonged gastrointestinal residence time and slow release of Ramipril resulting from the mucoadhesive microspheres, could contribute to the provision of a sustained anti-hypertensive effect.

About Authors:
^*DINESH BABU GOTTIPATI¹, SREE DEVI ANANDHAM¹, NANNAPANENI VENKATA BALAKRISHNA RAO².
¹ Department of pharmaceutics, M.E.S.college of pharmacy, Aradeshally gate, Bangalore -562110,India.
² Research and Development Department, Natco Pharma Limited, Kothur.
*babu.dinesh89@live.in

ABSTRACT:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing nifedipine on the characteristics of fast-disintegrating sublingual tablets for the potential emergency treatment of anginal pain and hypertension. Nifedipine undergoes first pass metabolism in liver and gut wall which has oral bioavailability of 43-77%. Sublingual dosage form bypasses the metabolism of the nifedipine in liver and offers a fast relieve from anginal pain and hypertension. An attempt has been made to prepare fast dissolving tablets of nifedipine were prepared by wet granulation technique using Crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium (CCS) as super disintegrants as super disintegrants, Flavor and sweetener impart the taste to the formulation. The porous granules were compressed in to tablets by 8mm punch rotary tablet machine. All the formulations were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, content uniformity, wetting time, and disintegration time and dissolution rate. Among the formulations, F9 one containing to be the best acceptable in terms of palatability, fast dissolving tablet having adequate strength. The disintegration time was found to be 56 ± 0.4 seconds, hardness of 4.6 ± g /cm², wetting time of 31sec   and drug release of 99.85 % in 9 mins. All the formulations showed low weight variation. The present study demonstrated potentials for rapid absorption, improved bioavailability, effective therapy and patient compliance.

About Authors:
Garima Gupta*, Amit Singh
Department of Pharmaceutics,
R.V. Northland Institute,
Greater Noida, G. B. Nagar, U.P.
*Garima189@gmail.com

Abstract:
Technological attempts have been made in the research and development of rate-controlled oral drug delivery systems to overcome physiological adversities, such as short gastric residence times (GRT) and unpredictable gastric emptying times (GET). Conventional oral dosage forms pose low bioavailability problems due to their rapid gastric transition from stomach, especially in case of drugs which are less soluble at alkaline pH of intestine. Similarly, drugs which produce their local action in stomach get rapidly emptied and do not get enough residence time in stomach. So, frequency of dose administration in such cases is increased. To avoid this problem, various efforts have been made to prolong the retention time of drug delivery system. In this review, we will discuss about the various approaches to produce gastro retention of drug delivery system, with current & recent developments of Stomach Specific floating drug delivery system.

ABOUT AUTHORS:
Shujauddin Hashmi^*,P. Neelkant reddy, S. hafiz ali, B. Kalyani, K. Karna, S. S.Biradar, Abdul kareem
Department of pharmacy practice
H.K.E Society’s Matoshree Taradevi Rampure Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
MR medical College Road, Gulbarga -585105

ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and potentially disabling disease which is like a sleeping giant that is ready to awaken and literally sink our health care system. The present study “Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of anti-diabetic therapy” was carried out with an objective to assess estimated direct medical cost of diabetes and its complications. A hospital based prospective observational study was conducted using a prevalence based ‘cost of illness’ method focusing on estimated direct health care cost of diabetes and its complications. A total of 108 type 2 DM patients were enrolled into the study out of which 68 (62.96%) were males and 40 (37.04%) patients were females. The results revealed that, the average cost was the highest for the age group 45-60 years. The costs for patients with complications were substantially higher than those without complications and the costs were found to increase progressively with the increase in number of complications. The study concludes that Diabetes with complications resulted about 2.5 times higher cost, therefore the burden of diabetes and its complications was significant for individual and families, keeping in mind the burden of the disease on individuals as well as the society, the health policy makers should emphasize on initiatives to prevent the disease prevalence, care and counseling to diabetes patients should be done continuously to prevent the progression of the disease and its devastating complications.

About Authors:
Amit Jain*, Sandesh Jain, A.G. Hariharan, C.K. Sudhakar, Sanjay Jain
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Smriti College of pharmaceutical education, Indore-452001,
Madhya Pradesh, India
*amitjainpharma16@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The present investigation deals with development of mucoadhesive thermosensitive pluronic lecithin organogel of clotrimazole for vaginal candidasis. To develop more effective treatment for vaginal candidasis, clotrimazole (CT) was formulated as pluronic lecithin organogels (PLOs). Several PLOs formulations composed of clotrimazole (1%) using the thermosensitive polymer Pluronic® F127, Soya lecithin with the mucoadhesive polymer Carbopol 934. Spreadibility, rheological behavior, drug content (%), mucoadhesive force, gelling capacity and in-vitro release profiles of the different formulations were determined. In vitro, sustained release of CT from PLOs was observed. In vivo antifungal activity of CT, tested against Candida albicans vaginitis in agar plate, was significantly prolonged after vaginal delivery using PLOs. These results indicate that CT-containing vaginal PLOs safe, convenient, and effective treatment of vaginal candidasis with reduced dosing interval.

About Authors:
Abhilash Kumar, Navneet Upadhay
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Shoolini University,
Solan, H.P., India
*abhilashkumarchawla421@gmail.com

Abstract
The objective of this work is to overview the process validation in various pharmaceutical processes. Quality is the most important requirement in the manufacturing process. All the drugs must be manufactured to the highest quality level. Quality cannot be guaranteed just by end product testing but we have to control carefully each critical step during the manufacturing process. Thus process validation plays an important role to control each critical step in order to maintain quality of the final product. Validation involves a series of activities that are taking place during the life cycle of products and processes. It also involves careful planning of various steps in the process and all the work should be carried out in a structured way according to standardized working procedures.

About Authors:
Gourab Saha*, Sabitri Bindhani, Niranjan Kumar Manna
Department of Pharmaceutics,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohuda,
Berhampur – 760002, Orissa, India
*gourab.pharma2012@gmail.com

Abstract
This study investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of the methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis (Amla) in male albino rats after intramuscular administration. This was done using the Carragenin-induced paw edema method (acute inflammatory model).Methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis showed significant anti-inflammatory activity similar to ketoprofen and indomethacin.