Review Articles

26 November 2012

MASTER PIECE FOR METABOLIC PATHWAYS : THE ENZYME

About Authors:
*C.P. Meher, S.P.Sethy, B.Pochaiah
Department of pharmaceutical Bio-Chemistry,
Maheshwara college of Pharmacy, chitkul (V),
Isnapur “X” Road, patancheru, Hyderabad.
*chaitanyameher84@gmail.com

ABSTRACT :-
“Enzyme are the catalyst of the living world ! protein in nature, and in action in specific ,rapid and accurate; huge in size but with small active centers; highly exploited for disease diagnosis in lab centers”[1] Enzyme promotes & control the conversion of the complex carbohydrates, fats & protein of our body into simple substances which the intestine can absorb & also the various reaction by which these simple substances are used in the body for building up new tissue or producing energy. The enzyme are not broken down or changed in the process . they are as potent at the end of the reaction at the beginning & very small amounts can effect the conversion of large quantity of material . they are the true catalyst.[2] They are actively take part in every metabolic pathways that occur in our body. This review is concern with comparative study of the various enzyme related with various metabolic pathways as well as the drugs associated for inhibition to give respective pharmacological responses.
23 November 2012

Microencapsulation : a rapidly expanding technology

About Authors:
Mortoza Rahaman
B.Pharm, BCDA College of Pharmacy & Technology (WBUT), WB
M.Pharm, Dadhichi College of Pharmacy, (BPUT), Orissa
mortozarahaman970@gmail.com

Abstract:
Novel drug delivery systems have several advantages over conventional multi dose therapy. Recent trends indicate that microparticulate drug delivery systems are especially suitable for achieving controlled or delayed release oral formulations with low risk of dose dumping, flexibility of blending to attain different release patterns as well as reproducible and short gastric residence time. The release of drug from microparticles depends on a variety of factors including the carrier used to form the microparticles and the amount of drug contained in them. Consequently, microparticulate drug delivery systems provide tremendous opportunities for designing new controlled and delayed release oral formulations, thus extending the frontier of future pharmaceutical development. One such approach is using microspheres as carriers for drugs. Microencapsulation is a process where by small discrete solid particles or small liquid droplets are surrounded and enclosed by an intact shell. Microencapsulation is used to modify and delayed drug release form pharmaceutical dosage forms. A well designed controlled drug delivery system can overcome some of the problems of conventional therapy and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of a particular drug. It is the reliable means to deliver the drug to the target site with specificity, if modified, and to maintain the desired concentration at the site of interest without untoward effects. Microspheres received much attention not only for prolonged release, but also for targeting of anticancer drugs to the tumor. The intent of the paper is to highlight the potential of microencapsulation technique as a vital technique in novel drug delivery.
21 November 2012

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FLOATING TABLETS USING ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE AS A MODEL DRUG

About Authors:
Jenish.R*, M.Senthil kumar, Dinesh, Ahokkumar, Marshel, Hariharan
Annai veilankanni’s college of pharmacy
Saidapet, Chennai-600015
Tamilnadu
*jenishnathan@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Alfuzosin is a non-subtype specific alpha(1)-adrenergic blocking agent that exhibits selectivity for alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors in the lower urinary tract. Inhibition of these adrenoreceptors leads to the relaxation of smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate, resulting in the improvement in urine flow and a reduction in symptoms in benign prostate hyperplasia. Alfuzosin also inhibits the vasoconstrictor effect of circulating and locally released catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), resulting in peripheral vasodilation. The alfuzosin of the present investigation is designed to retain in the stomach and deliver the drug alfuzosin for longer periods of time. The developed floating provides increased absorption of the alfuzosin at a rate such that effective plasma levels can be achieved and maintained for a prolonged duration. Formulations 6 displayed drug release considered in 0.1N HCL and Formulation 6 shows better drug release in dissolution profile.
20 November 2012

ENHANCEMENT OF SOLUBILITY BY LIQUISOLID TECHNIQUE: A REVIEW

About Authors:
Patel Chirag J^1*, Satyanand Tyagi², Patel Jaimin¹, Chaudhari Bharat¹, Tarun Parashar³, Soniya³
¹Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
²President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (Pharmacy), Chattarpur, New Delhi, India.
³Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Rajawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
^*Mr. Patel Chirag has published various books, research and review articles. His academic works include 16 Publications (2 books were published in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany & 8 Research Articles and 6 Review Articles were published in standard and reputed National and International Pharmacy Journals).
chirag.bangalore@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Solving solubility problems is a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry with developments of new pharmaceutical products, since nearly half of the active substances being identified are either insoluble or poorly soluble in water soluble. Various techniques are used for the enhancement of the solubility of poorly soluble drugs which include Liquisolid technique, micronization, nanonization, sonocrystallization, supercritical fluid method, spray freezing into liquid and lyophilization, evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution, use of surfactant, use of co-solvent, hydrotropy method, use of salt forms, solvent deposition, solubilizing agents, modification of the crystal habit, co-crystallisation, complexation and drug dispersion in carriers.The “Liquisolid” technique is a novel and capable addition towards such an aims for solubility enhancement and dissolution improvement, thereby it increases the bioavailability.Liquisolid technique is based upon the admixture of drug loaded solutions with appropriate carrier and coating materials. The use of non-volatile solvent causes improved wettability and ensures molecular dispersion of drug in the formulation and leads to enhance solubility. By using hydrophobic carriers (non-volatile solvents) one can sustained the release of drugs by this technique. Liquisolid compacts demonstrated a considerably higher drug dissolution rates than those of conventionally made capsules and directly compressed tablets. This was due to the increased wetting properties and surface of drug available for dissolution. By using this technique, solubility and dissolution rate of water insoluble drugs can be improved. This review paper highlights the advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of enhanced drug release, classification, evaluation and application of liquisolid technique to enhance the solubility and dissolution of water insoluble drugs.
19 November 2012

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF PATENT

About Authors:
Jatin Patel^1*, Prof. Rajesh Kumar Dholpuria², Dhiren Shah¹
²(Professor, Head of Department of pharmacognosy),
¹Seth G.L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education,
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research,
Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, INDIA
*Patelj313@yahoo.in

ABSTRACT
Patent Right varies from country to country. In India the law which govern patent right is "Indian Patent Act 1970". Indian Patent Act, 1970 grants exclusive right to the inventor for his invention for limited period of time. Generally 20 years time has been granted to the patent holder but in case of inventions relating to manufacturing of food or drugs or medicine it is for seven years from the date of patent. There is certain legal procedure which needs to be followed in order to register. There are several attorney helping inventor in patent registration by providing them best well informed knowledge. In India patent registration can be filed individually or jointly. In case of deceased inventor this can be done his legal representative on behalf of him. All the required documents need to be filed along with the application form. Only after verification registration certificate is provided to the applicant.
14 November 2012

PACKAGING AND LABELLING CONTROL ACCORDING TO GLOBAL GMP

About Authors:
*Tarun Patel, Prof. Dr. Vipin Kukkar, Krunal Parik
Seth G.L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education,
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research,
Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, INDIA
*tarunpatel35@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
In pharma industry Packaging and Labelling plays very important role for improvements of attraction to human beings. So by improving our packaging and labeling style we can easily improve our product market value. Green packaging is also an alternative to make packaging more environmental friendly which would not affect the nature in any way. The most desirable solution is “use less, discard less, save more, reuse more”In this review article we discuss briefly about the requirement of packaging and labeling control of product according to different GMPs.

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12 November 2012

REVIEW ON APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS

About Authors:
Darveshwar Jagdeep D*, Mule Madhav S¹, Birajdar Shivprasad M²
*NRI Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Bhopal, India
¹School of Pharmacy, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University
Vishnupuri, Nanded-431606, Maharashtra, India,
²Department of Quality Assurance, Maharashtra College of Pharmacy,
Nilanga-413521, Maharashtra, India
*jagdeepdd@hotmail.com, birajdar100@gmail.com

Abstract:
Polymers have played indispensable roles in the preparation of pharmaceutical products. Their applications range widely from material packaging to fabrication of the most sophisticated drug delivery devices. This review includes various polymers used in pharmaceutics based on their applications. The review focuses on the use of pharmaceutical polymer for controlled drug delivery applications. Examples of pharmaceutical polymers and the principles of controlled drug delivery are outlined and applications of polymers for controlled drug delivery are described. The field of controlled drug delivery is vast therefore this review aims to provide an overview of the applications of pharmaceutical polymers. General pharmaceutical applications of polymers in Dental Medicine, Ophthalmic Drug Delivery, Gene Delivery, Preparation of micro spheres etc. are also discussed briefly.
11 November 2012

RECENT ADVANCE IN PULSATILE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

About Authors:
Dhirendra C. Patel^1*, Ritesh B. Patel¹, Gargi B. Patel²
¹Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology;
S.K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research;
Ganpat University, Kherva, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.
²Pharma Management & Regulatory Affairs,
K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
*dhiren.pharmacy@gmail.com

Abstract:
Oral controlled drug delivery systems represent the most popular form of controlled drug delivery systems for the obvious advantages of oral route of drug administration. However, there are certain conditions for which such a release pattern is not suitable like cardiovascular diseases, Diabetes mellitus, Asthma, Arthritis, Peptic ulcer etc. In such cases pulsatile drug delivery system is used in which release drug on programmed pattern i.e. at appropriate time & at appropriate site of action. Pulsatile Drug Delivery systems are basically time controlled drug delivery systems in which the system controls the lag time independent of environmental factors like pH, enzymes, gastro-intestinal motility, etc. The principle rationale for the use of pulsatile release is for the drugs where a constant drug release, i.e., a zero-order release is not desired. In chronopharmacotherapy drug administration is synchronized with biological rhythms to produce maximal therapeutic effect & minimum harm for the patient. Technically, pulsatile drug delivery systems administered via the oral route could be divided into two distinct types, the time controlled delivery systems and the site-specific delivery systems, thus providing special and temporal delivery. In recent pharmaceutical applications involving pulsatile delivery; multiparticulate dosage forms (e.g. pellets) are gaining much favor over single-unit dosage forms. Various pulsatile technologies have been developed on the basis of methodologies, these includes ACCU-BREAK™, AQUALON, CODAS®, PRODAS^®,SODAS®, MINITABS^®, DIFFUCAPS®, OROS® etc. Designing of proper pulsatile drug delivery will enhance the patient compliance, optimum drug delivery to the target side & minimizing the undesired effects.
9 November 2012

DRUG TARGETING: BASIC CONCEPTS AND DRUG CARRIER SYSTEMS- A REVIEW

About Authors:
Deepjyoti Kumari
M.Pharm (Pharmaceutics)
Dadhichi College of Pharmacy, BPUT, Orissa
deepjyoti987@gmail.com

Abstract:
The aim of this reviewis to introduce the basic principles of drug targeting as they have evolved over previous decades. The most important chemical features and biological behavioural characteristics of the carrier molecules exploited for drug targeting purposes will be addressed. Furthermore, a selection of drug targeting preparations that are either in the stage of clinical testing or have been approved for application in the clinic is discussed. As the basis of drug development lies in the understanding of the molecular basis of diseases, selective interference with regulatory processes in health and disease by drug targeting will become a powerful technology. Drug targeting can, in this respect, serve both as a therapeutic approach and as a research tool in unravelling the functions of these processes in normal physiology and under patho-physiological conditions.

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8 November 2012

OXAZOLE – ISOXAZOLE: MOLECULE OF DIVERSE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

About Authors:
*C.P.Meher, S.P.Sethy, S. M Ahmed
Department of pharmaceutical Chemistry, Maheshwara college of Pharmacy,
chitkul (V), Isnapur “X” Road, patancheru, Hyderabad.
*chaitanyameher84@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:-
Heterocyclic chemistry is vastly expanding because of the enormous amount of research work being done in this area. Heterocyclic compound are very widely distributed in nature and are particularly important because of the wide variety of physiological activities associated with this class of substances . A great deal of research is carried out to prepare new heterocyclic molecules having therapeutic uses.[1] and also so many heterocyclic derivative are synthesized till now having desired pharmacological effect. Out of them oxazole & isoxazole derivatives are catagorised in a higher position as the other heterocyclic compound possess in the hetero-chemistry. The present review is concern with the comparative study of the derivative of oxazole & isoxazole derivatives along with their pharmacological effects.