About Authors: Shoeib Afroz Mohammad,
M.Pharm (Pharmacology),
Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy, Kakatiya University

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1087

BACKGROUND:
By the 1930s, scientists had isolated and determined the structure of the steroid hormones and found that high doses of androgens, estrogens or progesterone inhibited ovulation. The first oral-contraceptive formulations marketed in the United States, in 1960 and1961, contained 2 to 5 times as much estrogen and 5 to 10 times as much progestin as the oral contraceptives now in use. Since introduced in May of 1960, these pills have provided reliable contracep¬tion for millions of woman throughout the world.They were given in a regimen consisting of 21 active tablets containing estrogen and progestin followed by 7 days of placebo tablets (21/7 regimen). The 7 days of placebo was designed for menses to occur during that time. The use of these high-dose formulations was linked to increased risks of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism in healthy young women. The estrogen and progestin were reduced rapidly during the 1960s and 1970s because of concern about safety and because the reduction of the doses did not reduce the contraceptive effectiveness.The reductions in the dose of estrogen are believed to have decreased the risk of venous thrombosis. The combination estrogen–progestin oral contraceptives that are now on the market contain estrogen at doses ranging from 20 to 50 μg of ethinyl estradiol or, uncommonly, mestranol. Currently there are over 70 different brands on the market. 1

Dr. Reddy's Laboratories (NYSE: RDY) is an emerging global pharmaceutical company with proven research capabilities. The company is vertically integrated with a presence across the pharmaceutical value chain. It produces finished dosage forms, active pharmaceutical ingredients and biotechnology products and markets them globally, with focus on India, US, Europe and Russia.

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) is the first national level institute in pharmaceutical sciences with a proclaimed objective of becoming a centre of excellence for advanced studies and research in pharmaceutical sciences. The Government of India has declared NIPER as an ‘Institute of National Importance’.

NBRI is a premier plant based multidisciplinary, state-of-art national R&D Centre of CSIR undertaking research from classical taxonomy to cutting edge areas of modern biology-including both applied and basic research in the fields of biochemistry, bioinformatics, biotechnology, conservation biology, cytogenetics, environmental sciences, ethnopharmacology, floriculture, microbiology, molecular biology and genetic engineering, pharmacognosy, pharmacy, physiology, phytochemistry, plant biodiversity,  plant breeding, taxonomy and

Akumentis have strong back up of world class manufacturing & R&D facilities. The manufacturing facility is 3rd largest in Asia with WHO GMP, ISO 9001, ISO14001, USFDA & UKHMRA certifications. we have 1000 innovative products in pipeline.

Biocon is a research-driven, global healthcare company with a strong matrix of capabilities along the biopharmaceutical value chain. Focusing on unmet medical needs in cancer, diabetes and inflammatory diseases, it offers novel therapies on a platform of affordable innovation.
Biocon together with group companies employs more than 2500 employees with approxmimately Rs 1,000 crore turnover and is expected to grow further during the current financial year.

Aayushi Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., has been involved in contract manufacturing of pharmaceutical oral liquid formulations with a vision of providing quality products to the society .Our manufacturing unit is located in Chhatral GIDC, Gujarat , 35 kms from Ahmadabad. We have a team of fully dedicated and experienced professionals who provide each business partner with high quality products, timely deliveries, conforming to WHO standards.

Akumentis have strong back up of world class manufacturing & R&D facilities. The manufacturing facility is 3rd largest in Asia with WHO GMP, ISO 9001, ISO14001, USFDA & UKHMRA certifications. we have 1000 innovative products in pipeline.

About Authors: Dipak Kumar Dash
M.Pharm (Pharmaceutics)
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute
East Sikkim, Majhitar

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1086

Introduction
Hazard is a term associated with a substance that is likelihood to cause an injury in a given environment or situation. Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition produced by industries that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property.    Safety in simple terms means freedom from the occurrence of risk or injury or loss. Industrial safety refers to the protection of workers from the danger of industrial accidents.

Venus start each day by focussing on Innovation & Creativity. We make sure that best healthcare is provided to our patients worldwide.
From a humble beginning in 1991, now we are engaged & engrossed in discovering, developing and delivering innovative pharmaceuticals that help patients to alleviate sufferings.

Venus start each day by focussing on Innovation & Creativity. We make sure that best healthcare is provided to our patients worldwide.
From a humble beginning in 1991, now we are engaged & engrossed in discovering, developing and delivering innovative pharmaceuticals that help patients to alleviate sufferings.

The Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI) is a public private partnership that has collaboratively evolved through consultations with multiple constituencies including Indian and international academia, state and central governments, multi & bi-lateral agencies and civil society groups.

About Authors: Kushwaha Anjali*
Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of pharmacy,
Bundelkhand university, Jhansi (U.P.), India

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1085

Abstract
Solid dispersions is an efficient means of improving the dissolution rate and hence the bioavailability of a range of poorly soluble drugs. This article reviews the various types of solid dispersion, preparation techniques for solid dispersion and compiles some of the recent technologies. Some of the practical aspects to be considered for the preparation of solid dispersions, such as selection of carrier and methods of physicochemical characterization, along with nature of drugs in solid dispersions are also discussed. Finally, limited commercialization of solid dispersions and recent revival has been considered.

The constitution of India envisages the establishment of new social order based on equality, freedom, justice and dignity of the individual. It aims at the elimination of poverty, ignorance and ill-health and directs the State with regard to raising the level of nutrition and the standard of living of the people, securing the health and strength of workers, men and women, and especially ensuring that children are given opportunities to develop in a healthy manner.

Banaras Hindu University ranks among the first few in the country in the field of academic and research output. This university has two campuses, 3 institutes, 16 faculties, 140 departments, 4 advanced centers and 4 interdisciplinary schools.