Review Articles

30 October 2012

INTRODUCTION TO STEM CELL CRYOPRESERVATION – A NEWER PHENOMENON OF ENSURING THE LONGEVITY OF CHILD HEALTH: A CLINICAL REVIEW

About Authors:
Mr. Satyanand Tyagi*, Raghvendra¹, Amlan Mishra², Patel Chirag J³, Asheesh Singh⁴
*President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (pharmacy), Chattarpur, New Delhi, India-110074.
Prof. Satyanand Tyagi is a life time member of various pharmacy professional bodies like IPA, APTI and IPGA. He has published various research papers and review articles. His academic works include 51 Publications (43 Review Articles and 08 Research Articles of Pharmaceutical, Medicinal and Clinical Importance, published in standard and reputed National and International Pharmacy journals; Out of 51 publications, 11 are International Publications).
He has published his papers almost in different specialization of Pharmacy field...His research topics of interest are neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes mellitus, cancer, rare genetic disorders as well as epilepsy. ¹Department of Pharmaceutics, Aligarh College of Pharmacy, Aligarh, U.P, India-202001.
²Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Vidyawati College of Pharmacy, Jhansi, U.P, India-284128.
³Department of Pharmaceutics, Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India-302020.
⁴Research Associate, Center for Research and Development, Ipca Laboratories Ltd Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh, India-457114.
*sntyagi9@yahoo.com, +91-9871111375 / 9582025220

ABSTRACT:
The umbilical blood cord being rich in stem cells needs to be preserved by means of a new technique called cryopreservation. The Process whereby whole tissues or cells are preserved by cooling at very low temperatures is known as Cryopreservation. Stem cell cryopreservation is a relatively new phenomenon; it is one way of ensuring the longevity of child’s health. This is done by banking the baby’s umbilical cord blood affluent with stem cells. Stem cells are important as they can grow into tissues, even organs like the heart or liver. What is more, they have the awesome potential to revamp damaged tissues.

Till date, over seventy diseases have been successfully treated with the help of stem cell stored in the cord blood. Research on stem cells has, by no means, abated. Scientists realizing their potential and worth are carrying out intensive research on their uses as well as ways preservation. Before preserving stem cells, a biological test is carried out to eschew the possibility of deadly diseases like various types of Hepatitis or HIV. That done, the cord blood cells are now stored by means of the technique under discussion- Cryopreservation. This technique involves adding a cryopreservant that lets the blood freeze gradually. The blood is frozen to sub-zero degree temperatures so that biochemical reactions or any other dangerous biological that could cause cell death may be arrested. Typically, the cells are stored at temperatures as low as -196, – 156, or – 120 degrees centigrade. Freezing stem cells through cryopreservation at such low temperatures is supposed to ensure their longevity. Let it be known, however, that scientists are still divided over the optimum temperatures as well as the efficacy of the cryopreservation technique itself. The aim of present article is to provide in depth knowledge about this technique of preserving stem cells of child i.e. the technique so called “Cryopreservation”. An attempt is also made to focus how this technique ensures the longevity of child’s health.
29 October 2012

AMMENDMENTS IN PATENT ACT- 1999,2002 AND 2005- OVERVIEW AND COMPARISON

About Authors:
Krunal Parikh^1*, Mr. Maheshkumar Kataria²
(assistant professor, Department of pharmaceutics)
Seth G.L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education,
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research,
Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, INDIA
*Krunal_2922@yahoo.in

ABSTARCT :
The word Patent originated from the Latin Word "Patene" which means 'to open'. A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state (national government) to an inventor or their assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention.

Under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, patents should be available in WTO member states for any inventions, in all fields of technology, and the term of protection available should be the minimum twenty years. Different types of patents may have varying patent terms(i.e., durations).After 1972 The Act remained in force for about 24 years without any change till December 1994. An ordinance effecting certain changes in the Act was issued on 31 st December 1994, which ceased to operate after six months. Subsequently, another ordinance was issued in 1999. This ordinance was subsequently replaced by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 1999 that was brought into force retrospectively from 1^st January, 1995. The amended Act provided for filing of applications for product patents in the areas of drugs, pharmaceuticals and agro chemicals though such patents were not allowed. However, such applications were to be examined only after 31-12-2004. Meanwhile, the applicants could be allowed Exclusive Marketing Rights (EMR) to sell or distribute these products in India, subject to full filment of certain conditions.
28 October 2012

EXTENDED RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: A REVIEW

About Authors:
Mahek Goel*, Minakshi Marwaha
Shri Baba Mast Nath Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Asthal
Bohar, Rohtak-124001
*mahekgoel10@gmail.com

Abstract
Oral drug delivery system is the largest and the oldest segment of the total drug delivery market. As the drug which are presently available in the market suffered from the problem of resistance due to their irrational use as well as very few drugs are coming out of research and development, so there is need of the development of oral controlled drug delivery system (CDDS). Controlled release dosage forms are designed in such a way so that to maintain a constant level of drug for a specific period of time with minimum side effects. CDDS optimizes the biopharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties in such a way that its dosing frequency is reduced to an extent that once daily administration is sufficient to maintain the desired therapeutic level of drug with reduction in side effects in shorter possible time to assure greater patient compliance. This review describes various advantages, disadvantages, types of modified release, desired characteristics, approaches and evaluation tests for controlled release dosage forms.
28 October 2012

REGISTRATION DOSSIER OF PHARMACEUTICALS

About Authors:
Apeksha Gupta
Maharshi Dayanand University,
Rohtak, India.
apekshagupta87@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The word “Dossier” has its English meaning as - a collection or file of documents on the same subject, especially a file containing detailed information about a person or a topic. Any preparation for human use that is intended to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient is called as “pharmaceutical product for human use”. Process of reviewing and assessing the dossier of a pharmaceutical product containing its detailed data (administrative, chemistry, pre-clinical and clinical) and the permission granted by the Regulatory Agencies of a country with a view to support its marketing / approval in a country is called as the “Marketing Approval or the “Registration” “Marketing Authorization” or the “Product Licensing”.
“Registration Dossier” of the pharmaceutical product is a document that contains all the technical data (administrative, quality, nonclinical and clinical) of a pharmaceutical product to be approved / registered / marketed in a country. It is more commonly called as the New Drug Application (NDA) in the USA or Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) in the European Union (EU) and other countries, or simply Registration Dossier. Basically, this consists of data proving that the drug has quality, efficacy and safety properties suitable for the intended use, additional administrative documents, samples of finished product or related substances and reagents necessary to perform analyzes of finished product. Therefore, they are the vehicle in a country through which drug sponsors formally propose that the Regulatory Agencies approve a new pharmaceutical for sale and marketing.

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28 October 2012

A REVIEW ON: AEGLE MARMELOS

About Authors:
Kishan Singh *, Krishn Kumar Agrawal
Institute of Pharmaceutical Research GLA University,
Mathura-281403 (U.P.) India.
*kishan.singh575@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Herbal drugs are traditionally used in various parts of the world to cure different diseases. The Ayurvedic and Siddha medical systems are very famous medical practices in Indian traditional medicines. Over the last few ,researcher have aimed at identifying and validation plant derived substance for the treatment of various disease .similarly it has been already proved that various parts of plants such as leaf, fruits seeds etc.provide heath and nutrition promoting compounds traditional used against various disease. Aegle marmelos have been used in ethno medicine to exploit its’ medicinal properties including astringent, antidiarrheal antidysentric, demulcent, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The present review aims to complete medicinal values of Aegle marmelos generated through the research activity using modern scientific approaches and innovative scientific tools.
26 October 2012

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF AMOXICILLIN TRIHYDRATE MODIFIED RELEASE DOSAGE FORMS

About Author:
^*1Patel Dimpalben Girishkumar, ²Mr.K.H.Shah, ³ Rohit K Patel, ³Yatish Shukla, ³Modi B, ³Nilesh Patel
¹ Dharmaj Degree Pharmacy College,
Dist- Anand, Dharmaj -388430, Gujarat
²Professor, IPCPRC, Dharmaj, Gujarat
³ KAPTAB Pharmaceuticals
*dimplepatel70@gmail.com

Abstract
The aim of the current investigation is to design oral once daily modified release dosage forms of amoxicillin trihydrate for treatment of pharyngitis/tonsilitis, which release the drug for 24 hours and match with theoretical drug release profile. The tablets and capsules were prepared by the different method using different polymers in different concentrations. The interference of the polymers was ruled out by FT-IR spectroscopy studies. The powder-blends of tablets and drug were evaluated for their physical properties like angle of repose, bulk density, compressibility index, and Hausner ratio and found to be satisfactory. The manufactured tablets were evaluated for in process and finished product quality control tests including appearance, thickness, weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, and in vitro drug release. All formulations showed appearance, thickness, weight variation, hardness, friability and drug content in specified limit. All formulations showed acceptable pharmacotechnical properties and complied with in-house specifications for tested parameters. The results of dissolution studies indicated that formulation containing 50% ethyl cellulose and 50% methocel was the most successful formulation which was evidenced by similarity (f2) and dissimilarity (f1) factors. The formulated amoxicillin trihydrate tablets followed zero order release kinetics and Higuchi diffusion was the dominant mechanism of drug release, resulting in regulated and complete release within 24 hours. Formulations were subjected to short term stability studies as per ICH guidelines and were found stable. Capsule formulations 16 were evaluated for weight uniformity, drug content and in vitro drug release. The results of dissolution studies indicated that drug release from capsule not extend up to 24hrs. All formulations of capsule failed in in-vitro drug release test. In comparison of tablet and capsule formulations, tablet found to be successful dosage form.
25 October 2012

A REVIEW ON TARGETED DRUG THERAPY FOR CANCER: A NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY APPROACH

About Author:
Kabita Banik
B.pharm;(WBUT) BCDA College of pharmacy &Technology;
M.pharm(BPUT) Dadhichi college of pharmacy.
banikkabita64@gmail.com

Abstract:
New cancer targeted therapies that make use therapeutic antibodies or small molecules have made treatment more tumor specific and less toxic. Nevertheless, there remain several challenges to the treatment of cancer, including drug resistance, cancer stem cells, and high tumor interstitial fluid pressure. In many solid tumors, for example, increased interstitial fluid pressure makes the uptake of therapeutic agents less efficient. One of the most promising ways of meeting such challenges is ligand-targeted therapy that may be used to make targeting more specific and carry higher dosages of anti-cancer drug to tumor tissue.
24 October 2012

HERBAL ALTERNATIVES TO ASTHMA

Aabout Author:
Dhirendra C. Patel*
Master of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology,
S.K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University,
Kherva, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.
dhiren.pharmacy@gmail.com

Abstract:
Herbal medicines are very popular in treatment of the asthma in the modern era because of lots of benefits of it like less cost, less side effects, easily available etc. Herbal alternatives to asthma are better way for treatment of asthma. Various herbal medicines recognize that immune system functioning can play a vital role in helping to control the symptoms of asthma and strengthen the body's defenses against environmental allergens. Herbal medicines like ephedra, ginger, chamomile, elderberry, licorice, mullein, stinging nettle etc are very beneficial in asthma. Scientists have found evidence to support herbal's wide range of medicinal actions. These actions include the lowering of cholesterol levels, relief for allergies and asthma etc. Herbs have been used by people for longer than we have been keeping written record. Originally they were found in the wild by the gatherers and used for lots of different things. I light here, the use of herbals in asthma. It aims to tap into the body’s own healing mechanism by transforming the “triggers” of such attacks as part of the remedy. Opinions of different authors are saying that herbal medication is better way for asthma treatment.
23 October 2012

A REVIEW: PARENTERAL CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

About Author:
Mahek Goel
Shri Baba Mastnath Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Research
Asthal Bohar, Rohtak, Haryana (124001)
mahekgoel10@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Parenteral drug delivery systems are the preparations that are given other than oral route. (Para-outside, enteric–intestine). Parenteral drug delivery systems are most preferred drug delivery systems as they meet many benefits over other dosage forms in many cases such as unconsciousness, nausea, in emergency clinical episodes. The Parenteral administration route is the most common and efficient for delivery of active drug substances with poor bio-availability and the drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. But parenteral route offers rapid onset of action with rapid declines of systemic drug level. For the sake of effective treatment it is often desirable to maintain systemic drug levels within the therapeutically effective concentration range for as long as treatment calls for. It requires frequent injection, which ultimately leads to patient discomfort. For this reason, drug delivery system which can reduce total number of injection throughout the effective treatment, improve patient compliance as well as pharmacoeconomic. These biodegradable injectable drug delivery system offer attractive opportunities for protein delivery and could possibly extend patent life of protein drugs.Parenteral drug delivery system seeks to optimize therapeutic index by providing immediate drug to the systemic pool in required quantity to treat– cardiac attacks, respiratory attacks. This article explores various prolonged release parenteral drug delivery system and their strategies of preparation, their potential benefits/drawbacks and in-vitro testing methods.
22 October 2012

ROLE OF PURPLE CORN IN TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES AND KIDNEY DISEASE: A THERAPEUTIC REVIEW

About Authors:
Mr. Satyanand Tyagi
President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer,
Chattarpur, New Delhi, India.
Prof. Satyanand Tyagi is a life time member of various pharmacy professional bodies like IPA, APTI and IPGA. He has published various research papers and review articles. His academic works include 50 Publications (42 Review Articles and 08 Research Articles of Pharmaceutical, Medicinal and Clinical Importance, published in standard and reputed National and International Pharmacy journals; Out of 50 publications, 11 are International Publications).
sntyagi9@yahoo.com, +91-9871111375 / 9582025220

ABSTRACT:
Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most serious complications related to diabetes, often leading to end-stage kidney disease. Purple corn grown in Peru and Chile is a relative of blue corn, which is readily available in the U.S. The maize is rich in anthocyanins (also known as flavonoids), which are reported to have anti-diabetic properties. Scientists from the Department of Food and Nutrition and Department of Biochemistry at Hallym University in Korea investigated the cellular and molecular activity of purple corn anthocyanins (PCA) to determine whether and how it affects the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Their findings suggest that PCA inhibits multiple pathways involved in the development of DN, which may help in developing therapies aimed at type 2 diabetes and kidney disease. The aim of present article is to provide in depth knowledge about Purple Corn, their clinical and biological utility as well as their role in treatments of type 2 diabetes and kidney disease. An attempt is also made to focus on compounds found in purple corn which may aid in developing future treatments for type 2 Diabetes as well as kidney disease.