Review Articles

3 December 2012

TASTE MASKING TECHNOLOGIES: A NOVEL APPROACH FOR THE BETTER PATIENT COMPLIANCE

About Authors:
Dhananjay S. Jadhav
M. Tech (Pharmaceutical Technology) Division of Pharmaceutical Technology,
School of Chemical Technology, North Maharashtra University,
Jalgaon- 425001, India
dhananjaysjadhav@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT
Oral administration of pharmaceuticals is one of the most popular method of drug dilevery.Taste is an important factor in the development of dosage form. “The worse the taste of the medication, the better the cure” was once the prevailing attitude. Many orally administered drugs elicite bitter taste. Undesirable and particularly bitter taste is one of the important formulation problems that are encountered with many drugs. Administration of bitter drugs orally with acceptable level of palatability is a key issue for health care providers. Proven methods for bitterness reduction and inhibition have resulted in improved palatability of oral pharmaceuticals. Several approaches like adding flavors and sweeteners, use of lipoproteins for inhibiting bitterness, coating of drug with inert agents, microencapsulation, multiple emulsion, viscosity modifiers, vesicles and liposomes, prodrug formation, salt formation, formation of inclusion and molecular complexes, solid dispersion system and application of ion exchange resins have been tried by the formulators to mask the unpleasant taste of the bitter drugs. The present review attempts to give a brief account of different technologies of taste masking with respect to dosage form and novel methods of evaluation of taste masking effect.

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2 December 2012

A REVIEW ON APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS TO CLINICAL SITUATIONS

About Authors:
V. KRISHNA KISHORE
M.Pharm, 2nd Sem (Pharmaceutics)
Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Berhampur, Odisha.
Krishnakishorev58@gmail.com

1. Abstract:
Pharmacokinetics is currently defined as the study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Clinical pharmacokinetics is the application of pharmacokinetic principles to the safe and effective therapeutic management of drugs in an individual patient.
Primary goals of clinical pharmacokinetics include enhancing efficacy and decreasing toxicity of a patient's drug therapy. The development of strong correlations between drug concentrations and their pharmacologic responses has enabled clinicians to apply pharmacokinetic principles to actual patient situations.
A drug's effect is often related to its concentration at the site of action, so it would be useful to monitor this concentration. Receptor sites of drugs are generally inaccessible to our observations or are widely distributed in the body, and therefore direct measurement of drug concentrations at these sites is not practical. For example, the receptor sites for digoxin are believed to be within the myocardium, and we cannot directly sample drug concentration in this tissue. However, we can measure drug concentration in the blood or plasma, urine, saliva, and other easily sampled fluids.
2 December 2012

IMPURITIES AN OVERVIEW

About Authors:
Lila dhar^*, Prof. Sanjeev Thacker, Jatin Patel
Seth G. L. Bihani S.D. College Of Technical Education, Institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research,
Gaganpath, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan 335001
*ldbudania@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Impurities is defined as an entity of drug substances or drug product that is not chemical entity defined as drug substances an excipients or other additives to drug product. In pharmaceutical world, an impurity is generally considered as an other organic material beside the other drug substances that is arises out of the synthesis most of the time, inorganic contaminants are not considered as an impurity unless they are toxic, such as heavy metal or arsenic. There are numerios source of impurities and many different common terms are use for impurities such as by product, intermediate, transformation on product, related product, interaction product and degradation products.
30 November 2012

Thermogravimetry

About Authors:
Jatin Patel^*
Seth G.L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education,
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research,
Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, INDIA
*Patelj313@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT:
Thermogravimetry is a branch of physical chemistry, materials research, and thermal analysis. It is based on continuous recording of mass changes of a sample of material, as a function of a combination of temperature with time, and additionally of pressure and gas composition.

It includes different types of Thermogravimetric analysis. In this article types, Instrumentation, Procedure, Application are priscribed.
30 November 2012

NEW DRUG APPROVAL PROCEDURE IN INDIA

About Authors:
Jatin Patel^*, Krunal Parikh, Dhiren Shah
Seth G.L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education,
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research,
Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, INDIA
*Patelj313@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT:
A regulatory process, by which a person/organization/sponsor/innovator gets authorization to launch a drug in the market, is known as drug approval process. In general, a drug approval process comprises of various stages: application to conduct clinical trials, conducting clinical trials, application to marketing authorization of drug and post-marketing studies. Every country has its own regulatory authority, which is responsible to enforce the rules and regulations and issue the guidelines to regulate the marketing of the drugs.
This article includes new drug approval process in different countries include India, Australia, European union, China etc.
New drug approval process in different countries are described in logarithmic representation.
29 November 2012

REVIEW ON THE LEAD OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES (PHASE-I)

About Authors:
Kambham Venkateswarlu*, D.Z.Suhasini
Department of Pharmacology,
Sri Lakshmi Narasimha College of Pharmacy (JNTUA), Pallur,
Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India.
*k.v.reddy9441701016@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Lead optimization techniques are deals that new discovery is to choose the compounds with a known pharmacological action and proceed to modify the molecular structure of the compound systemically to get a drug with desired properties pharmacological action and pharmacokinetics. The compounds of the drugs are choosing for the study is called as lead.

Generally the identification and synthesis of compounds which are structurally related to the lead compound and testing their pharmacological activity. In the process it is possible to find a better drug than the lead compound.

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29 November 2012

STABILITY-INDICATING RP- HPLC METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF SITAGLIPTIN IN THE BULK DRUG AND IT’S PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

About Authors:
V.DEEPTHI *, POORNIMA.Y, DR.G.DEVALA RAO, T.SANDEEP REDDY
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis,
K.V.S.R.Siddharthacollege of pharmaceutical sciences,
Vijayawada-520010, India.
*deepthi759@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
A novel stability-indicating RP-HPLC method has been develop and validated for quantitative analysis of Sitagliptin in the bulk drug and in its pharmaceutical dosage forms using Hypersil–BDS- C18 column (250x4.6mmi.d, 5µ particle size) with 10mM Phosphate buffer (PH-3.5): ACN 60:40%v/v as isocratic mobile phase enabled separation of the drug from its degradation products. UV detection was performed at 260 nm. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy (recovery), precision, sensitivity, ruggedness and robustness. The linearity of the method was excellent over the range 10–60μg/ml (correlation coefficient 0.999). The limits of detection and quantification were 0.21 and 0.640μg/ml, respectively. Recovery of Sitagliptinfrom the pharmaceutical dosage form ranged from 99.99 to 100.05%.

Sitagliptin was subjected to stress conditions (Hydrolysis (acid, base), oxidation,thermal and photo degradation) and the stressed samples were analysed by use of the method. Degradation was observed in acid, base, and 30% H2O2. The drug was stable under the other stress conditions investigated. The degradation products were well resolved from main peak. The forced degradation studies prove the stability indicating power of the method.
28 November 2012

PYRROLE, FURAN, THIOPHENE DERIVATIVES & PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES: A REVIEW

About Authors:
C.P.Meher*, S.P.Sethy, M.Madhavi
^*Asst. Professor
Maheshwara Institute of Pharmacy,
Chitkul, Patancheru, Medak, A.P
*chaitanyameher84@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry are disciplines at the intersection of chemistry, especially synthetic organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialties, where they are involved with design, chemical synthesis and development for market of pharmaceutical agents, or bio-active molecules (drugs).Very important part of above is the heterocyclic-chemistry. Now a days so many investigation are carried out for developing new chemical entities having suitability for human life. A lot of research work is going on presently for development of new heterocyclic derivatives.The present review article is concern with the three, five-membered heterocyclic compound pyrrole, furan & thiophene derivatives that show diverse pharmacological activities.
26 November 2012

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE

About Authors:
P.Ramanujaiah*, Dr M.Purushothaman, Hemalatha
Vasavi institute of pharmaceutical sciences, Kadapa
*rama.mpharm@gmail.com

Abstract:
The application of nanotechnology to drug delivery has currently more than 20 Nanoparticles therapeutics are in clinical use, validating the ability of Nanoparticles to improve the therapeutic index of drugs. In addition to the already approved Nanoparticles, numerous other Nanoparticles platforms are currently under various stages of preclinical and clinical development, including various liposomes, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, quantum dots, gold Nanoparticles, and ceramic Nanoparticles. With continued research and development efforts, nanotechnology is expected to have a tremendous impact on medicine for decades to come.
26 November 2012

ROLE OF CHROMATOGRAPHY IN EVALUATION OF HERBAL DRUGS: A SHORT REVIEW

About Author:
Alimuddin Saifi
N.K.B.R. College of Pharmacy & Research Centre,
Meerut
asaifi2005@gmail.com

Abstract
Herbal drugs are accepted as important therapeutic agents for the treatment of many diseases. The development of authentic analytical methods which can reliably profile the phytochemical composition, including quantitative analyses of marker/bioactive compounds and other major constituents, is a major challenge to scientists. Pharmacognostical analysis of medicinal herbs remain challenging issues for analytical chemists, as herbs are a complicated system of mixtures. Analytical separation techniques for example high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS), High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) etc. among the most popular methods of choice used for quality control of raw material and finished herbal product.