Articles

5 April 2017

A NOVEL TRANSDERMAL PATCH OF LAMIVUDINE: IN VITRO- IN VIVO CHARACTERIZATION

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About Authors:
*R. Natarajan., Abirami. M, , Pavan kumar J, G. Murugananthan
Department of Pharmaceutics & research
Swamy Vivekanandha College of pharmacy
Tamil Nadu, India
*svcpnatarajan@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The work was carried out to formulate and evaluate the matrix transdermal patches of Lamivudine for the controlled delivery of drug in the body. The transdermal patches were prepared by the solvent casting method using Span-80 as a permeation enhancer and were prepared in different drug: polymer (Lamivudine: HPMC and Lamivudine: EC) ratios of 1:2.5, 1:5, without permeation enhancers and with permeation enhancers. The prepared transdermal patch were found to be good physicochemical properties, shows no skin irritation on the rat skin and subjected to in vitro drug permeation study by using rat skin in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 for 24 hours. The comparative statistical analytical data (ANOVA) showed ‘p’ value < 0.0001 which suggest that the prepared formulation are extremely significant for transdermal delivery. The formulation (FPE2) ratio 1:5 of (Lamivudine: HPMC) patch with permeation enhancer showed best result among all the formulation. This formulation (FPE2) was subjected to in-vivo studies by using rat. The in-vivo studies of the patches were administrated transdermally to rat skin and while a standard solution of 10μg/ml was used as a control, and collected the plasma drug sample at different time interval and analyzed by HPLC. The in-vitro in-vivo correlation studies shows the regression value (R) 0.863 and correlated and to be linear.
5 April 2017

RECENTLY USED TECHNOLOGIES IN PELLET FORMULATION -A REVIEW

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About Authors:
Utkranti D. Aher, *Tushar T. Shelke, Ekta P. Patel
JSPM’S Charak College of Pharmacy and Research,
Wagholi, Pune
*tts.ccopr@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Now a day’s medication systems that need frequent dosing are always with problems. So there is thrust in the area of pharmaceutical research to develop novel formulations, which will enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the existing drug. The goal of this study is to provide detailed and different techniques of pelletization such as powder layering, suspension and solution layering, globulation, freeze, extrusion - spheronization, cryopelletization etc. It has some merits, demerits and its characterization as a tool in the multipariculate drug delivery system.etc. It also gives brief idea about the evaluation of pellets and application of pelletization technique. Evaluation of quality of the pellets is discussed with reference to the size distribution, shape, surface morphology, specific surface area, friability and tensile strength.
2 April 2017

A STUDY ON ROLE OF DOCTOR OF PHARMACY IN IDENTIFICATION AND REPORTING OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS IN AN ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY WARD OF A TERITARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL

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About Authors:
M. Manasa Rekha,
Department of Pharmacy Practice,
Annamacharya college of Pharmacy,
Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh, India.
manasarekharoyal@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Clinical pharmacy is the branch of pharmacy in which pharmacists provide patient care that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists often work in collaboration with physicians, nurse practitioners and other healthcare professionals. The Clinical Pharmacist Stating explicitly that the clinical pharmacist cares for patients in all health care settings emphasizes two points: that clinical pharmacists provide care to their patients and that this practice can occur in any practice setting. The clinical pharmacist’s application of evidence and evolving sciences points out that clinical pharmacy is a scientifically rooted discipline the application of legal, ethical, social, cultural, and economic principles serves to remind us that clinical pharmacy practice also takes into account societal factors that extend beyond science.
27 March 2017

A REVIEW ON CLINICAL PHARMACIST CARE FOR MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

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About Authors:
M.S.Umashankar, K.S.Lakshmi, A.Bharath Kumar*, A.Porselvi
Department of PharmacyPractice SRM College of Pharmacy,SRM University. Kattankulathur.Tamilnadu.India.
abharatpharma@gmail.com*

ABSTRACT : Diabetic nephropathy is a type of progressive kidney disease that may occur in people who have diabetes. It affects people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and risk increases with the duration of the disease and other risk factors like high blood pressure and a family history of kidney disease.Kidney is made of hundreds of thousands of small units called nephrons.These structures filter the blood and helps to remove waste from the body, and control fluid balance.Clinical conditions we can investigate the symptoms like Persistent albuminuria (>300 mg/d or >200 μg/min) that is confirmed on at least 2 occasions 3-6 months and Progressive decline in the glomerular filtration rate,severe tiredness,headaches,general feeling of illness,frequent voiding, lack of appetite, itchy skin, and leg swelling.Diabetic nephropathy is diagnosed after a routine urinalysis and screening for microalbuminuria and fasting,random blood sugar level,glomeluar filteration rate,serum creatinine,creatinine clearance is used to confirm the disease.Reduction of kidney damage by controlling blood sugar levels,controlling blood pressure through the eating healthy foods and getting regular exercise.The evidence suggest that approaching early treatment,regular Patient follow-up will delays and prevents the onset of diabetic nephropathy.Clinical Pharmacist having significant role in providing education on disease related issues and he work with both the patient and physician to ensure that patient is to achieve optimal blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipid control, and that other risk factors and lifestyle modifications are being addressed.Appropriate control of their diabetes with nephropathy can be influenced through proper education and counselling by the clinical Pharmacists in clinical care.
23 March 2017

DRUG TARGETS IDENTIFICATION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS BY METABOLIC PATHWAY ANALYSIS:INSILICO PROCESS

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ABOUT AUTHORS
Amiya Kumar Ghosh*¹,Saptarshi Samajdar², Shiladitya Palit³, Rupchand Pandit⁴
¹Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, UTKAL UNIVERSITY, Bhubaneswar- 751004,Odisha, India.
²Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF PUNJAB, Bathinda-151001, Punjab, India
³Department of Pharmaceutics, IITBHU, Varanasi, India
⁴Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra Ranchi-835215, Jharkhand, India
^*amiyaghosh94@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis (TB) has been declared as a global health emergency by the World Health Organization(WHO). This has been mainly due to the emergence of multiple drug resistant strains and the synergy between tubercle bacilli and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a pathogenic bacteria species in the genus Mycobacterium and the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death in the world from a bacterial infectious disease. This antibiotic resistance strain lead to development of the new antibiotics or drug molecules which can kill or suppress the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.The need for new antiTB is persistent due to the emergence of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here we aimto identify new drug targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by phylogenomics among the Mycobacterium tuberculosisandcomparative genomics to Homo sapiens. The proposed target discovery pipeline is largely independent of experimental data and based on the assumption that Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins are likely to be essential if (i) there are no similar proteins in the same proteome and (ii) they are highly conserved across the Mycobacterium tuberculosisof mammals. We have performed an in silicocomparative analysis of metabolic pathways of the host Homo sapiens and the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv). Novel efforts in developing drugs that target the intracellular metabolismof M. tuberculosis often focus on metabolic pathways that are specific to M. tuberculosis. We have identified five unique pathwaysfor Mycobacterium tuberculosis having a number of 60 enzymes, which are nonhomologous to Homo sapiens protein sequences,and among them there were 55 enzymes, which are nonhomologous to Homo sapiens protein sequences.These enzymes were alsofound to be essential for survival of theMycobacteriumtuberculosisaccording to the DEG database. Further, the functional analysis using Uniprot showed involvement of all the unique enzymes in the different cellular components.
21 March 2017

PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SESBANIA SESBAN LINN.: AN OVERVIEW

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ABOUT AUTHORS
Saptarshi Samajdar¹, Amiya Kr. Ghosh²
¹Centre for Pharmaceutical Sc. And Natural Products, Central University of Punjab
²Dept. of Pharmacy, Utkal University, Orissa
*saptarshisamajdar20@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: SesbaniaSesban Linn. (Family: Fabaceae) found all through the fields of India and ordinarily called as Jayanti. Herbals which shape a piece of our nourishment and give us an extra helpful impact are sought after and SesbaniaSesban Linn. is one of such plant. The plant has got great restorative significance. Blooms contain cyanidin and delphinidinglucosides, Pollen and dust tubes contain alphaketoglutaric, oxaloacetic and pyruvic acids. The leaves of Sesbania is additionally found to have hepatoprotective and powerful hostile to oxidant and against urolithiatic action. The ethanolic and fluid extraction of various parts of Sesbania. The present survey outlines the different pharmacological activities of Sesbaniasesban Linn.
19 March 2017

ADVANCEMENTS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND ITS EFFECT ON HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY

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ABOUT AUTHORS
Neha Bala, Naresh Mali*
Institute of Health Management Research, Jaipur
Rajasthan, India
malinaresh888@gmail.com

The tremendous pharmacological advances witnessed during the last few decades have revolutionize virtually all aspects of modern life,including our understanding of disease.New drugs have contributed significantly to the economic impact of new developments in health care.With recognition that the pace of pharmacological development and acquiring of new knowledge will certainly accelerate in the coming years,let us consider what these advances might hold for Pharmacological advancement,Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical and/or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism
16 March 2017

FORMULATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF MOUTH DISSOLVING TABLETS OF KETOPROFEN: EFFECT OF DISINTEGRANTS ON DRUG RELEASE

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ABOUT AUTHORS
Kambham Venkateswarlu*,
Department of Pharmaceutics,
JNTUA-Oil Technological and Pharmaceutical Research Institute
Andhra Pradesh, India
k.v.reddy9441701016@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The objective of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate the mouth dissolving tablets (MDTs) of ketoprofen (KPN) using disintegrants like Crospovidone (CP), Croscarmellose sodium (CCS) and Sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and the effect of disintegrants on drug release was also studied. The powder blend was evaluated for flow properties and found acceptable flow properties. The prepared MDTs were evaluated for post compression parameters such as hardness, friability, weight variation, dispersion time, drug content and in-vitro drug release. Tablets possessing sufficient strength supported by hardness and friability results. The formulation KP6 showed lease dispersion time of 14 sec and it was selected for drug release studies. KP6 showed 99.9% of drug release in 5 min and time taken for 70% of the drug is 2.8 min. Based on the results obtained from the dispersion time and in-vitro dissolution studies, it could be concluded that the concentration of disintegrant is indirectly proportional to the dispersion time and directly proportional to the amount of drug release respectively.
10 March 2017

INSILCO MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDY OF DIHYDROISOQUINOLINIUM DERIVATIVES AS DPP IV INHIBITORS IN TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS

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ABOUT AUTHORS
Amiya Kumar Ghosh*¹, Shiladitya Palit², SaptarshiSamajdar³
¹Dept. of Pharmacy, Utkal University, Orissa
²Dept. of Pharmacy, IITBHU
³Centre for Pharmaceutical Sc. And Natural Products, Central University of Punjab
amiyaghosh94@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
With the spread of western lifestyles, the occurrence of diabetes in the world’s population is rising. Diabetes is a complex metabolic endocrine disorder that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. It is classified into two basic forms Type I and Type II diabetes. A major goal for the treatment of type II diabetes is the enhancement of insulin secretion by pancreatic islet b-cells. The current therapeutic agents, although effective in increasing insulin secretion, are associated with undesirable side effects. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) is responsible for conversion of glucose tolerance (GLP-1), into inactive form. The inhibition of DPP-IV would be beneficial in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Improved glucose tolerance in diabetic patients was achieved with several small molecules as DPP IV inhibitors, including sitagliptin. The current study was designed to identify a suitable inhibitor agent for DPP IV. Computer-assisted molecular modeling approach has contributed to the successful discovery of several novel antidiabetic DPP IV agents.Someisoquinoline was designed computationally and screened through insilico docking studies against crystal structure of Dipeptidylpeptidase-IV (DPP-IV) ( PDB entry 2P8S )as a projected target for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Insilico docking methodology using Auto Dock vina comprising a search method Genetic Lamarckian algorithm was used. Genetic Lamarckian algorithm performs an Automated Docking and has an advantage of empirical binding free energy force field that allows the prediction of binding free energies for docked ligands. In-silico evaluation shows satisfactory docking results, when compared with standard using docking. It is concluded that investigational ligands has the potential of inhibiting DPP-IV and there by further screening (invitro and invivo) studies can be carried out in order to find out optimized bioflavonoids for treating type2diabetes mellitus.
7 March 2017

PREVENTION OF MEDICATION ERRORS- A STEPAHEAD IN PROVIDING BETTER PATIENT SAFETY

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ABOUT AUTHORS
Steffi Jerry Mammen,
Inamdar Multispecialty Hospital,
Pune,
Maharashtra, India
steffi.thomas@ymail.com

Abstract:
The reality that medical treatment can harm patients is one that the healthcare community has had to come to, in terms with over recent years. Adverse events associated with medication errors are chief causes among them. A medication error is an error which can be defined as any discrepancy between the prescriber's interpretable medication order and what was administered to a patient. Prescribing & drug administration appears to be associated with greatest number of errors.

To ensure patient safety& provide better health services, medication errors should be curbed. India is still lacking the regulatory system for the control of medication errors.

Therefore, a stringent regulatory set up should be established to reduce medication errors. Awareness among the health-care professionals regarding medication errors may be the major factor in the establishment of a successful regulatory system. Some of them might be aware but reporting is rare due to many factors such as miscommunication, fear of punishment, potential termination from job, failure to comply with the policies etc.

Reporting will disclose medication errors, could trigger warnings, but should not create an unhealthy atmosphere post reporting, and acknowledging the facts and working on it could help prevent medication errors as all of health care domain are working for patient safety at the end.