Pharma Analysis

Q.5. (a) Draw diagram of apparatus and give methodology of DTA. Discuss factors affecting DTA results.
Ans.5. (a) Differential Thermal Analysis
In differential thermal analysis (DTA), a sample and a thermally inert reference material differencebetween the sample and the reference is measured as a function of the temperature applied. Because, during transition, the sample may either absorb or evolve heat, the difference in the temperature between the sample and the standard is equivalent to the temperature of transition and can indicate if the transition is endothermic or exothermic. Usually, ΔT is plotted against the temperature, T, or as a function of time (t).
DTA data are probably the most accurate of all thermal techniques, because the thermocouple is insert     into the sample; however, only the temperature of a transition and not the amount of heat can be measured from a DTA curve, as the area under the peak is not proportional to the amount of energy transferred into or out of the sample.
Factors affecting the DTA curve

Q.4.(c) Elaborate factors affecting electrophoretic mobility.
Ans.4. (c) Electrophoretic Mobility     
The migration rate ʋ of an ion (cm/s) in an electric field is equal to the product of the field strength E (V cm-1) and the electrophoretic mobility µe (cm2V-1s-1). That is,
ʋ = µeE
Electrophoretic mobility, µe = E/ʋ
The electrophoretic mobility is in turn proportional to the ionic charge on the analytic and inversely proportional to frictional retarding factors.
Factors affecting Electrophoretic Mobility:

Q.4. (b)Discuss about carrier gases, column and solid support stationary phases in GLC
Ans.4. (b) Carrier gas: For selecting a carrier gas following considerations should be taken into account:

Q.4.(a) Give difference stationary phases used in different modes of HPLC.
Ans.4. (a)Types of Stationary Phases used in HPLC: Various stationary phases available for HPLC are  Polystyrene/Divinylbenzene- Based Resins   In ion chromatography, the support material is polystyrene/ divinylbenzene (PS/DVB) based resin that is relatively stable with respect to pH.

Q.3. (b) How will you simplify complicated splitting pattern in PMR? Differentiate between PMR and 13 CNMR.
Ans.3. (b)Introduction:
The complete analysis of a compound is frequently made difficult, when signals overlap and as a result, useful information is often buried due to complexity of the spectrum. In a spectrum several signals may overlap as is the case, e.g., of closely related methylene groups in a molecule. In such a situation an intense, broad and compulsory unresolved signal, termed the methylene envelope may appears between δ 1-2. Another cause of complexity is where a coupling constant is comparable with the chemical shift different between the coupled protons. For these problems following techniques may use to solve them.

Q.3.(a) How will you differentiate between first order and non-first order PMR spectra
Ans.3. (a)First order spectra:

For a spectrum to be first order, the frequency difference (∆v, in Hz) between any two coupled resonances must be significantly larger than the coupling constant that relates them. A first-order spectrum has ∆v/J >  -6^3.
First-order resonances have a number of helpful characteristic, some of which are related to the number individual coupling, n:

Q.2.(c)How will you distinguish
(i) 10,20, and 30 aliphatic amines.
(ii) 10,20,and 30 aliphatic alcohols and phenols.
(iii) Alkane, alkene, alkyne and arene from each other. 

Q.2. (b) Explain frequency shift due to inductive and mesomeric effects in IR spectroscopy
(b)Frequency shift due to inductive: The inductive effects solely depends upon the ‘intrinsic’ tendency of a substituent to either release or withdraw electrons- by definition, its electronegativity acting either through the molecular chain or through space. This effect usually weakens steadily with increasing distance from the substituent

Pharmaceutical Analysis

INTRODUCTION
Pharmaceutical analysis is a branch of practical chemistry that involves a series of process for identification, determination, quantification and purification of a substance, separation of the components of a solution or mixture, or determination of structure of chemical compounds.