Articles

1 December 2013

PLAGIARISM: A GROWING CONCERN IN SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY

Let us first of all know about plagiarism and how it is different from copyright piracy. Plagiarism word is derived from Latin word plagiaries which mean stealing someone else’s work¹. According to oxford dictionaries its literal meaning is “the practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own”². Wikipedia defines plagiarism as “the wrongful appropriation and purloining and publication of another author's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions, and the representation of them as one's own original work”¹. The word plagiarism is different from copyright piracy³. Copyright piracy is unauthorised doing anything, the exclusive right to do which is with copyright owner or reproduction, sale or hiring in any form^4,5 whereas plagiarism is the failure of giving credit to original author⁵ but both are infringements of copyright (under Indian Copyright Act, 1957) and hence crime. Unauthorised reproduction, sale or hiring is not infringement of copyright after expiry of the copyright protection period which varies nation-wise (minimum requirement under Berne Convention is 50 years and 60 years in case of India, post mortem of copyright owner) but under author’s moral rights his authorship and control over the work is forever and no one can represent it as his/her own original work⁶. If someone is doing so it would be plagiarism and hence serious ethical offense and crime.
27 November 2013

FORMULATION OF DOXYCYCLINE LOADED FLOATING FILM USING BIO-MATERIAL EXTRACTED FROM TAGETES erecta

About Authors:
Prof. (Dr.) N.V.Satheesh madhav, Rohit Singh Negi, *Vikash kumar
DIT-Faculty of Pharmacy,
Dehradun Institute of Technology,
Mussoorie Diversion Road,
Makkawala, P.O. Bhagwantpur,
Dehradun, Uttrakhand
*vikashmalik81@gmail.com, satheesh_madhav@yahoo.com
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Abstract:
The aim of research work was to isolate novel biopolymer from the seeds of Tagetes erecta and to characterize its physicochemical properties along with the acute toxicity. The isolated polymer was subjected for screening its retard ability by using as a bio nano carrier for formulating Doxycycline (model drug) loaded floating films. Tagetes is a genus of 56 species of annual and perennial mostly herbaceous plants in the sunflower family. The genus is native to North and South America, but some species have become naturalized around the world. Tagetes species vary in size from 0.01 to 2.2m tall. They have pinnate green leaves blooms are naturally in golden, orange, yellow and white colors, often with maroon highlights. Tagetes grow well in almost any sort of soil. It contains essentials oils, fatty acids, carotenoids and lutein. Tagetes erecta has long been known for its medicinal use, especially for strengthening the heart, and for treating ailments like headaches, swellings and tooth aches. Tagetes erecta seeds were soaked in water and then washed with chloroform and ethyl acetate. Obtained 100 gm of fine powder was soaked in 100ml boiled water for 24 hours. The mixture was filtered and methanol was added in double. The solution was refrigerated for 24 hours and then centrifuged. Precipitate was collected as biopolymer and was dried. The separated biopolymer was subjected for various physicochemical parameters like color, texture, particle size, solubility, colour changing point. Spectral analysis such as IRspectroscopy was done to check the polymeric nature of biopolymers. Drug–polymer interaction and skin irritancy studies are also done to check the polymer safety.
26 November 2013

PYRIMIDINE AND ITS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY: A REVIEW

ABOUT AUTHORS:
Vishwanadham Yerragunta*, Prathima Patil, V.Anusha, T.Kumara Swamy, D.Suman, T.Samhitha.
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Malla Reddy College of Pharmacy,
Maisammaguda, secunderabad-14. A.P.
Vishwanadham.y@gmail.com
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ABSTRACT:
Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six- member ring shows wide range of biological activities. Pyrimidine posses wide spectrum of biological activities like including anti-tubercular, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, Anti-malarial activity, anti-cancer and anti-neoplastic activity, anti-hiv activity. The present reviews attempted to gather the various biological activities of pyrimidine derivatives and is marketed drugs.
24 November 2013

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINED RELEASE MATRIX TABLETS OF FUROSEMIDE

ABOUT AUTHORS:
Dr. D. Nagendrakumar, Reddy VM, Keshavshetti G G, Shardor A G*
Department of Pharmaceutics, SVET’s College of Pharmacy,
Humnabad- 585 330 (Karnataka).
ambarish.pharma@gmail.com
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ABSTRACT
Sustained release matrix system are favored because of their simplicity, patient compliance etc, than traditional drug delivery which have many drawbacks like repeated administration, fluctuation in blood concentration level etc. For the purpose of enhancement the bioavailability of furosemide, a dosage form with sustained release of furosemide was designed in this study.
Sustained release tablets of furosemide were fabricated using xanthan gum(13.33 % to 66.67 %). Thepreparedtablets were evaluated for pre compression and post compression studies likeangle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, hardness, weight variation, fraibilty, drug content, in-vitro releaseof drugetc. among the five formulations A better controlled drug release (85 %) was obtained with the matrix tablet SX₅ containingxanthan gum66.67%. Short-term stability studies of all formulations indicates that there were no significant changes in drug content and dissolution parameter values after 3 month storage at 40° ± 2°C/75 ± 5% RH.
20 November 2013

A REVIEW ON CHALCONES AND ITS IMPORTANCE

About Authors:
Vishwanadham Yerragunta*, T.Kumara swamy, D.Suman, V.Anusha, Prathima Patil, T. Samhitha
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research,
Narsapur, Medak – 502313, A.P.
Vishwanadham.y@gmail.com
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Abstract:
Chalcones are precursor compounds for flavonoids biosynthesis in plants, and they can also be synthesized in laboratory. Chalcones possess a broad spectrum of biological activities including antioxidative, antibacterial, antihelmintic, amoebicidal, antiulcer, antiviral, insecticidal, antiprotozoal, anticancer, cytotoxic and immunosuppressive. Changes in their structure have offered a high degree of diversity that has proven useful for the development of new medicinal agents having improved potency and lesser toxicity and good pharmacological actions. Chalcones became an object of continued interest in both academia and industry. Nowadays, several chalcones are used for treatment of viral disorders, cardiovascular diseases, parasitic infections, pain, gastritis, and stomach cancer, as well as like food additives and cosmetic formulation ingredients. However, much of the pharmacological potential of chalcones is still not utilized. The purpose of this review is to describe the recent efforts of scientists in pharmacological screening of synthetic chalcones, studying importance of chalcones, and synthesis of pharmacologically active chalcones and their biological activities.
18 November 2013

METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF PARACETAMOL AND EPERISONE HYDROCHLORIDE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

About Authors:
Venkata Anil Kumar Sistla*, Dr.P.Venkateshwara Rao, P.Rajavel
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
A.M.Reddy Memorial College of Pharmacy,
Narasaraopeta - 522601,
Guntur Dt, India.
*anilkumar5831@gmail.com
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17 November 2013

SUCCESS STORIES OF ENOLATE FORM OF DRUGS

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About Authors:
Arvind Negi¹*, Balraj Singh Gill²
¹Centre for Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda- 151001
²Centre for Biosciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151001
*arvindnegi2301@gmail.com

Abstract
Stereochemistry of clinical agents play a key role in their success to become drugs. Tautomerism is a structural isomerism, playing a key role in the orientation of organic compounds and also found significant in distinctive base pairing in nucleic acids. Keto-enol form usually occurs and found prominently among different types of tautomers. The enol form ionizes in the physiological solution into enolate and alter the biological activity. So, how this enolate form brings modification in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug is very important and quite interesting to know. As this form is ionic in nature so it increases the interaction with the concerning receptors, enzymes, ion channels or functional proteins. In this review we cover and compile success, role and the significance of the enolate form of clinical agents which succeed to become drugs!
14 November 2013

ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK: SHOCKING ERROR OF IMMUNE SYSTEM!

About Author:
Arvind Negi
Centre for Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151001
arvindnegi2301@gmail.com
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Abstract
Activation of immune response is developed in respect to some xenobiotic sensitization, which is supposed to prevent and protect the body from sufferings induced by these xenobiotic. But unfortunately sometime body behaves in a paradoxical manner which misguides the immune system and ultimately turned into a bizarre situation of immune function. One of such response is anaphylactic shock, which is quite fatal if untreated. This review brings insights into the molecular physiology of anaphylactic shock and how some people elicit allergic response to certain substances but not the other. This major catastrophe of the body holds an error of immune system whereas this commentary based review disclosed the synchronization of the unfortunate lessons of the immune system, which makes it a cruel to cause DEATH!
13 November 2013

ENHANCEMENT OF SOLUBILITY; AN OVERVIEW

ABOUT AUTHORS:
Ramesh Babu Pedada¹*, Eukondalu Vanka¹, Dr.A.M.S.Sudhakar Babu¹, Prasanna kumar Desu¹, P.Ramaa Bharathi¹, P.Venkateawara.rao²
¹Department of Pharmaceutics, ²Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis,
A.M.Reddy Memorial College of pharmacy, Narasaraopet, Guntur (Dt), Andhra Pradesh, India.
Rameshbabu.pedada@gmail.com
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ABSTRACT:
Enhancement of solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of drug is a very challenging task in drug development, nearly 40% of the new chemical entities currently being discovered are poorly water soluble drugs. Aqueous solubility of any therapeutically active substance is a key property as it governs dissolution, absorption and thus the in vivo efficacy. Orally administered drugs completely absorb only when they show fair solubility in gastric medium and such drugs shows good bioavailability. The solubility and dissolution properties of drugs play an important role in the process of formulation development. Problem of solubility is a major challenge for formulation scientist which can be solved by different technological approaches during the pharmaceutical product development work. The present review deals in detail about the solubilisation by surfactants, cosolvents, complexation for the improvement of solubility of poorly water soluble drugs.
8 November 2013

THYROID DYSFUNCTIONS AND ITS MONITORING

About Authors:
Pathak Namita*, Kothiyal Preeti, Dr. Prashant Mathur
Department of Clinical Pharmacy,
Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India, 248001
pathak_namita@ymail.com
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Abstract
The prevalence of hypothyroidism is three times higher among women than men. The prevalence in an unselected community population of young, middle aged and elderly individuals is about 1.4 percent and the estimated annual incidence rate is one to two per 1,000 women. Surveys of geriatric populations have yielded estimated prevalence rates for overt hypothyroidism of 0.2 percent to 3 percent. The presentation of symptoms in the elderly may be atypical or absent. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is estimated to be between 4.0–8.5% of the adult US population without known thyroid disease, and the prevalence increases with age. Up to 20% of women over the age of 60 are estimated to have subclinical hypothyroidism. Caucasians are more likely to have subclinical hypothyroidism than non-Caucasians. The risk is highest in those with type I diabetes mellitus, a family history of thyroid disease or head/neck cancers treated with external beam radiation. Other risk factors include previous radioactive iodine treatment or thyroid surgery. Interestingly, about 20% of patients on thyroid medications are both over replaced and under replaced. Because of the high incidence of thyroid disease, The American Thyroid Association recommends measuring thyroid function on all adults beginning at age 35 years and every 5 years thereafter noting that more frequent screening may be appropriate in high risk groups. The treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism has been controversial but more recent data suggest there are increased risks of ischemic heart disease in untreated patients and that a more aggressive approach to treat ment would be appropriate.7 In contrast, subclinical hyperthyroidism has more well understood risks of atrial fibrillation and flutter and so should be more aggressively treated.