Bangladesh

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ABOUT AUTHOR
AK MOHIUDDIN
Faculty of Pharmacy, World University of Bangladesh

ABSTRACT
After liberation, Bangladesh pharma industry was largely dominated by the import dependent MNCs. On or before 1982 ordinance, 75% of the market was dominated by the MNCs and the rest share was with the other 133 local companies. After NDP formulation and the Drug Control Ordinance, there was a dramatic change of reverse. By 1994, a few pharma companies achieved a tremendous growth and they reinvest their profit for faster return. By next decade, Bangladesh is aiming to 30 world class drug manufacturers to establish strong footstep in global pharma market. Bangladesh, as an LDC got exempted from the obligation of patent and data protection in this arena until 2033. Interestingly, Bangladesh already passed across the LDC landmark to a developing country. So, there’s window of opportunity of more than a decade to grow further from that aspect.

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ABOUT AUTHOR
AK MOHIUDDIN
Faculty of Pharmacy, World University of Bangladesh

ABSTRACT
Despite substantial progress in drug manufacturing, irrational drug use, inappropriate prescribing, inadequate access to essential drugs are major problems affecting the total health care system badly of Bangladesh. Virtually, all the drugs are available without prescriptions and self-medications are highly common. Access to essential medicines is significantly less than that mentioned in the official documents. Price of essential medicines is not consistent and the drugs regulating authority does not have any control over pricing of drugs. In short, the economical development and educational flourishment doesn’t represent the health sector of Bangladesh.

Purpose: Discussion and projection of drug use and monitoring status in Bangladesh. The pharmacists have a vital role to play which is thoroughly discussed.

ABOUT AUTHOR
Sonia Zaman
Department of Pharmacy,
Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh
sonia_6995@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
Garuga pinnata (family: Burseraceae) has many traditional medicinal uses including as astringent, bronchodilator, stomachic, expectorant, pulmonary infection, antidiabetic etc. The present study is based on this plant to evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of G. pinnata leaves. Antimicrobial activity of chloroform extract was evaluated against four Gram positive bacteria Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcus aureus and five Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyphi, Shigella dysentriae, Vibrio mimicus, and two common fungus Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans by applying disc diffusion method where Kanamycin disc (30 µg/disc) was used as reference standard. The chloroform extract of G. pinnata leaves showed very good antimicrobial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungus A. niger. The most susceptible microorganism was S. paratyphi (19 mm zone of inhibition) followed by B. subtilis (15 mm zone of inhibition). The antioxidant activity of chloroform extract of G. pinnata leaves was evaluated spectrophotometrically using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for radical scavenging and  ascorbic acid was used as standard. The extract exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC₅₀ value of 57.06 µg/ml as compared to the IC₅₀ value of the reference standard, ascorbic acid (37.21 µg/ml). The cytotoxic activity of G. pinnata  was determined by brine shrimp lethality bioassay using vincristine sulfate as standard. The chloroform extract revealed significant cytotoxic activity with LC₅₀ of 6.607 µg/ml whereas LC₅₀ of Vincristine sulphate was 6.026 µg/ml.

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ABOUT AUTHORS:
Fatema Nasrin¹*, Nabila Mahrin², Nisrat Jahan¹, Yesmin Begum¹, Senjuti Majumder^1
1Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka
²Pharmacology labortory, Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka
nasrin_0209@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
We aimed at assessing the effect of methanolic extract of Streblus asper in human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and insecticidal (on the stored grain pest, Trogoderma  granarium Everts) as studies. The membrane stabilizing activity was assessed by using erythrocyte in hypotonic solution and heat induced was compared with acetyl salicylic acid. The extract at the doses of  200, 400 and 800 μg/ml significantly inhibited heat induced lysis of the human red blood cell membrane with values of 46.53%, 56.52% and 65.14%, respectively. The results of hypotonic solution induced lysis showed that S. asper has significant reduction (P≤0.01) in inflammation i.e. 40.8 % (400 µg/ml) and 50.8 % (800 µg/ml) as compared to the standard drug, acetyl salicylic acid, which was 62.96 % in insecticidal assay the extract showed dose dependent paralyzing effect and mortality of T.  granarium Everts. All the doses of crude extracts exhibited concentration and time dependent insecticidal activity.

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ABOUT AUTHORS:
Fatema Nasrin¹*, Saikat Ranjan Paul², Sonia Zaman², Sabiha Ferdowsy Koly^2
1Senior Lecturer,  Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka-1213
²Lecturer, Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka-1213
nasrin_0209@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
In the present study the antimicrobial & cytotoxic activity of crude methanolic extracts of leaves and stems of VignaMungoLinn. Hepper (Family-Leguminosae)were studied. Antimicrobial activity was tested against eleven important pathogenic bacteria including both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and two common fungi. The bacteria are B. megaterium, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea, Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi, S. typhi, Shigella boydii, S. dysenteriae Vibrio mimicus and V. parahemolyticus. Disc diffusion technique was used for invitro antibacterial and antifungal screening. Here kanamycin disc (30mg /disc) was used as standard for antibacterial study. The extracts showed antimicrobial activity against most of the bacterial strains with an average zone of inhibition of 10-20mm. The tested fungi are Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The extracts showed very good antifungal activity with an average 15 -19 mm zone of inhibition. The methanolic extracts of leaves of V. mungo  showed maximum activity (19 mm, zone of inhibition)  against Bacillus  megaterium (19mm) with Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 64mg/ml. The maximum zone of inhibition for the methanolic extracts of  stems was found 20mm  against Shigellaboydii with MIC values of 64mg/ml. Cytotoxicity test was also studied by Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay and compare with LC₅₀ values of standard vincristin sulphate as a positive control. The results illustrated significant cytotoxicity against A. salina, with LC₅₀ 0.67μg/ml, 4.52 μg/ml and 3.25 μg/ml for vincristine sulphate as standard, leaves and stems extracts, respectively. Further pharmacological investigations are required to understand the underlying mechanism of these pharmacological activities.

ABOUT AUTHORS:
MR. Zubair Khalid labu^*1, Md. Abdul Bake², Razia Sultana^3
1,3 Department of Pharmacy, World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh,
² Department of Pharmacy, Gono University, Savar, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh.
* zubairlabu@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
Hydrogenated soya-bean oil is the product obtained by refining, bleaching, hydrogenation and deodorisation of oil obtained from seeds ofGlycine soja Sieb. and Zucc. andGlycine max (L.) Merr. (G. hispida (Moench) Maxim.). Soya-bean oilis a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the soybean. It is plant based and less harmful saturated fats and offers nutrition and health related benefits.  The main objective of this work has been done for the evaluation and analyzing the quality of soya-bean oil available in local market. For the examination of soyabean oil six fresh samples of different sources were collected randomly from the market. British pharmacopoeia (BP) specifications were used for the determination of acid, peroxide and iodine value. The results were compared with the standard specified by Bangladesh standard and testing institute (BSTI). After three months study we observed that physical examination of all the samples were complies with the specification and chemical examination such as, In case of peroxide value, all the samples were found to comply with the specification and only two (S-5 and S-6) of them have comparatively higher value but remain within the limit. But In case of iodine value, five samples were within the limit, and only one sample (S-6) was out of specification. After over third month analysis we observed that all the sample value were higher than from first month study. The consumers which have to take this spurious product must be careful to take this because it may be harmful if adulterated.

About Authors:
Zubair Khalid Labu¹; AK Mohiuddin¹; M.A Bake^*2
1Department of Pharmacy, World University of Bangladesh (WUB), Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh
^*2Product Development officer, Gonoshasthaya Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Mirzanagar, Savar, Dhaka-1344.
zubairlabu@yahoo.com; *abdul.bake@yahoo.com

Abstract
Food is the major source of energy in humans as well as animals. Foods are materials taken into the body by different route which provide nourishment in the form of energy or in the building of tissues. Food contaminants are substances that make food unfit for human consumption. Examples include bacteria, toxic chemicals, carcinogens, teratogens and radioactive materials. The purpose of these studies is to find out the food contaminants which are used in different purposes available in Bangladesh and contaminants detection method. After survey we found that Dhaka is the main city where food contamination by various contaminants in higher percentage. This contamination done by manmade, industrial discharge, poisonous water etc. Government of Bangladesh taking various necessary steps to stop this contamination.