SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO TREAT TOBACCO ADDICTION – A REVIEW

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ABOUT AUTHORS
Pooja A.M* . Apsari Anjum , Shashank Nayak N , Shwetha Kamath KS
Bapuji pharmacy college, Davangere, Karnataka

ABSTRACT
In this current review , we have gathered the information regarding the various aspects of tobacco. The propagation &  measures taken like the climatic condition for instance temperature ,soil texture are discussed in this review. The different methods of isolation using fungal pectinase to release mesophilic cells & its further process are reviewed in this work .Attempts have been made to gather information on the side effects of tobacco & the various measures to treat nicotine addiction are highlighted in this article.

Reference Id: PHARMATUTOR-ART-2665

INTRODUCTION
Tobacco is a product prepared from leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them .Tobacco consists of dried leaves of ‘Nicotianatobacum‘, belonging to family’ Solanaceae’.while more than 70 species of tobacco are known ,the chief commercial crop is nicotianatobacum. The more potent variant Nicotinumrustica is also used around the world .(Kokatec.k 2017)

Tobacco is a plant grown for its leaves which are dried and fermented before being put in tobcco products. Tobacco contains nicotine an ingredient that can lead to addiction which is why so many people who use tobacco find it difficult to quit. There are also many other potentially harmful chemicals found in tobacco or created by burning it.

CLIMATIC CONDITION
• Climatic requirements for tobacco cultivation is basically tobacco is a semi tropical crop but can be successfully grown in tropical region. It requires 2100 C to 3100 C temperature during growth period.The cultivation of tobacco usually take place annually . It has a height of 1 to 3 metres. It has erect stem and few branches. The tobacco is germinated in cold frames or in early spring. Depending upon the nature of the tobacco ,the requirements of the soil and climate also vary, Seeds are used for the cultivation.
• The majority of varieties will start showing germination in 7-10 days,or even a little sooner but different varieties do germinate at different speeds .It is unusual for some to take a long as two weeks to show signs of germination and this can stretch into 3-4 weeks in cold soil and in summer heat. The crop can be grown on heavy textured soils (sand clay loam and heavier) provided. The limitation  of the appropriate measures taken to over come this by late ploughing. Tobacco is sensitive to water logging.
• Warm season veggies require both warm soil and high temperature (with a little cooling at night). To grow staidly and produce crops they include traditional summer crops such as beans etc. (Kokatec.k 2017).

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS
COLOUR :- Green or slightly brown
ODOUR :-Characteristic to nicotine
TASTE :-  Bitter
SIZE  :-  62 to 80 cm in length, 35 to 45 cm width
SHAPE :- Ovate. Elliptic or lanceolate

EXTRA FEATURES
The leaves are usually sessile, sometimes petiolate and with frilled wing.

TOP 10 LARGEST  TOBACCO PRODUCING COUNTRIES ACROSS THE WORLD IN 2018-2019
1) CHINA
2) BRAZIL
3) INDIA
4) UNITED STATE OF AMERICA
5) INDONESIA
6) ARGENTINA
7) ZIMBABWE
8) TURKEY
9) MALAWI
10) PAKISTHAN

ISOLATION OF TOBACCO MESOPHYLL CELLS IN INTACT AND ACTIVE STATE
A Procedure using a fungal pectinase was developed to rapidly release mesophyll cells from tobacco leaves. 50 % to 90 % of the released cells were morphologically intact and were converted into spherical protoplasts by cellulose treatment. cells isolated from tobacco mosaic virus inoculated leaves supported multiplication of the virus during subsequent incubation. (James F, Shepard 1995)

INFECTION OF TOBACCO  MESOPHILE PROTO PLASTS MESOPHYLL VIRUS
It was provided at that the protoplasts prepared from mesophyll of nicotinatabaccum  are infected by tobacco mosaic virus. The infection occurred when purified tobacco mosaic virus particles were added to a protoplast suspension in the presence of poly -L- ornithine. The virus multiplied in these protoplast to a level of 10 ‘6virus particles per infected protoplast during 24 hours of incubation. The efficiency of infection was remarkably high exceeding that by mechanical inoculation of tobacco leaves.

Isolated protoplasts from healthy tobacco mesophyll tissues were infected by contact with infectious RNA from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).During subsequent incubation of the protoplasts in a liquid medium ,a synchronous multiplication of TMV occurred and the amount of intracellular virus reached a maximum after 22 hrs. Fluorescent antibody staining showed that 3-7% of the protoplasts were infected. Average virus yield per infected protoplast was estimated to be 0.9-5.5*10. 5 particles (saoki ,takebei,otsaki,1969).

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
Tobacco contains pyridine –Piperidine type of alkaloids ,(0.5 to 1.5%) among which the most prominent is nicotine . The other alkaloids are nornicotine and anabasine
The in vitro addition of 7,8 benzoflavone inhibits the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in hepatic microsomes  from methylcholanthrene treated male rats,but not in hepatic microsomes from control or phenobarbital treated animals .(kokatec.k 2017).

CHEMICAL TEST
Aqueous extract of tobacco when treated with cyanogen bromide solution gives orange colour.(kokatec.k 2017).

HOW DO PEOPLE USE TOBACCO
People can smoke ,chew or sniff tobacco .tobacco smoked products has cigarette cigars bidis and kreteks  and some other people will smoke loose tobacco in a pipe or hookah it is also called water pipe. products of chewed tobacco include chewing tobacco ,snuff ,dip and snus; snuff can also be sniffed (Ibrahim al ,msjygross 1990).

HOW DOES TOBACCO EFFECT THE BRAIN
The nicotine in any tobacco product readily absorbs into the blood when person uses it  upon entering the blood ,nicotine immediately stimulates the adrenal glands to release the harmone epinephrine (adrenaline). epinephrine stimulates the central nervous system and increases blood pressure breathing and heart rate .as with drugs such a cocaine and heroin , the brain is activated by nicotine which reward circuits and also increases  level of the chemical messenger dopamine which reinforces rewarding behaviours,by this studies suggests that other chemicals in tobacco  smoke such as acetaldehyde, it may enhance nicotine`s effects on the brain.(Ibrahim al ,msjygross 1990).

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MISCELLANEOUS  HEALTH EFFECTS OF TOBACCO USE
Nicotine is addictive most of the severe health effect tobacco use comes from others chemicals .tobacco smoking can lead to lung cancer chronic bronchitis and emphysema .it increases the risk of heart diseases , which  can lead to stroke or heart attack .cancer is linked by smoking like leukaemia .cataracts and pneumonia all of this problem apply to use of any smoked product , including hookah tobacco . The risk of cancer is increases by smokeless tobacco especially mouth cancer.

The risk of miscarriage is increased in pregnant women to those women who and all smoke cigarettes  infants with low birth weight or premature infants or stillborn .during pregnance smoking  may also be associated with learning and behavioural problems in exposed children .

During smoking people who and all stand or sit  near others smokers it exposed to second hand smoke either coming from the burning end of the product of tobacco or exhaled by the person who is smoking .second hand smoke exposure can also lead to the diseases called as lung cancer and heart related  diseases. It can cause health problems in both adults and in children , such as coughing phlegm reduced lung function pneumonia and bronchitis . children exposed to second hand smoke are at an increases risk of ear infection, lung infection severe asthma and death from sudden infant death syndrome.

HOW DOES TOBACCO USE LEAD TO ADDICTION
Long term use of tobacco brain changes brought on by continued nicotine exposure it results in addiction .when a person tries to quit her or she may have withdrawal symptoms such as
* Irritability
* Increased appetite
* Problems paying attention
* Powefull  cravings  for tobacco
* Trouble sleeping

HOW CAN PEOPLE GET TREATMENT FOR NICOTINE ADDICTION
Both behavioral treatments and medication can help people quit smoking but the combination of medication with counselling is more effective than either alone

A national toll-free quitline has established by the u.s department of health and human services , 1-800 quit now, to serve as an access point for anyone seeking information and help in quitting smoking.

BEHAVIORAL TREATMENTS
Behavioral treatment use a variety of methods to help quit smoking in people it ranging from self-help materials to counselling

Tobacco road novel by erkinecladwell published in 1932. a tale of violence and sex among rural poor in the American south. The novel was highly controversial in its time. It is the story of Georgia sharecropper jeeterlester and his family. Who are trapped by the bleak economic condition of the depression as well as by their oconliited intelligence and destructive sexuality Its tragic ending is almost foreordained by the characters inability to change their lives. (Ibrahim al ,msjygross  1990).

NICOTINE
Nicotine is a potent parasympathomimetic of  stimulant and an alkoaloid found in the nightshade family plants .Nicotoin acetylcholine receptors, except at two nicotinic receptor subunits where it acts as a receptor antagonist. Nicotine is found in the leaves of nicotianarustica

WHAT TYPE OF DRUG IS NICOTINE
Nicotine is a legal , highly addictive drug found in many forms.The usual way is cigarettes. It is a  stimulant which means it increases heart rate circulation and the production of dopamine.

Nicotine is chemical that contains nitrogen, which is made by several type of plants, including the tobacco plant.It is a colourless, odourless liquid with an oily consistency but when exposed to light or air , it acquires a brown colour and gives off a strong odour of tobacco. Nicotine is the chief addictive ingredient in the tobacco used in cigarettes , cigars and snuff
Its formula : C10 H14 N2
Molar mass :162.23grams/Mol
Elimination half – life : 1 to 2 hours, 20hours active metabolite
Addiction liability :High
Melting point : 79 degree C{-110 degree F}
Metabolism : primarily hepatic CYP2A6,CYP2B6,FM03
Excretion : urine {10-20%{gum}},PH dependent ,30%{inhaled}10-30%{int

NICOTIN PATCH; THE BEST TOOL FOR QUITING
The tough job of the smoking is trying to quit .the psychological part of the habbit in addition to having to break every one also face which nicotine addiction getting off of nicotine is a difficult processes no matter what and it can be so brutal if u take the abrupt ‘cold turkey’ method that many smokers just can’t get through .nicotine replacement methods can help smokers kick the habbit by allowing them to step down on the amount nicotine they consume

HOW NICOTINE PATCHES WORK
That is where the nicotine patches come in the patches stick on your body through the skin you absorbed the nicotine into your blood stream this is known as transdermal for smoking nicotine into your system as a replacement The nicotine which is covered by a layer of plastic by the nicotine patches that have a pad and that layer of plastic and to look like a bandage, extreamly stickly of the patches are seen and stay in place for most of the day ,and will usually not come of even if a bump them into something in general they are designed to be warn for 24 hrs and delivered a specific amount of nicotine over that period

NICOTINE LEVEL
The nicotine patch roughly correlates is the beginning dosage form to heavily you smoked so that it will provide an initial adequate replacement for the nicotine you consumed in cigrattes. the strengths range from 7mg to 21mg. the intention is that after some time ,your body will requires less nicotine and you can step down to a lower strength untill you are gradually able to taper off the nicotine replacement patches altogether

HOW IS NICOTINE BAD FOR YOU
It isn’t the stuff that can cause serious illness and death from cancer ,lung and heart disease. those culprits are the tar and toxic gases that are released from burning tobacco when you smoke. nicotine is a chemical  that is dangerous not because it causes cancer but because it can addict you to cigarettes

USES OF NICOTINE PATCHES
This medication can help to quit smoking by replacing the nicotine in cigarettes. The nicotine in tobacco is an important part of cigarette addiction. When you stop smoking ,your nicotine levels drop quickly. this drop can cause withdrawal symptoms such as craving tobacco nervousness irritability headache weight gain and difficulty concentrating.

Stop smoking is herd and your chance of success of is best when you are ready and have made a commitment to quit. Nicotine replacement product are part of a total stop smoking program that include behaviour change counselling and support. Smoking causes lung diseases cancer and disease

Stop smoking is one of the most important things you can do to your health and live longer.

WHAT FORMS DOSE THIS MEDICATION COME IN
The medication is available as 7 mg/day, 14mg/day and 21mg/day

WHO SHOULD NOT TAKE THIS MEDICATION:-
Are allergic to nicotine or any ingredient of patches
Are a non smoker or an occasional smoker
Are under 18 year of age
Are pregnant or breast feeding
Have just had a heart attack
Have life threatening arrhythmias
Have severe or worsening angina
Have recently had a stroke
Have a generalized skin disorder .( bergcj ,Thomas jl,guoh ,2010).

SOME OF THE  DRUGS WHICH  COULD INTERACT WITH THIS MEDICATION ARE
There may be an interaction between nicotine patches and any of following;-
Acetaminophen
Adenosine
Benzodiazepines
Caffeine
Furosemide
Imipramine
Insulin
Labetalol
Phenylephrine
Prazosin( Berg cj, Thomas JL, Guoh an , 2010).

CONCLUSION
In this review we have obtain the information about the morphological characteristics of tobacco .The different methods of isolation using fungal pectinase to release the mesophilic cells and also obtaining the information of drawbacks and different measure to treat nicotine addiction is  important  topic in this article.

REFERENCES
1. Berg CJ, Thomas JL, Guoh, Okuyermi  KS , Collinstc ,et al, (2010); Predictiors of smoking reduction among blacks ; Nicotine and tobacco research; 12(4); 423-31
2. Ibrahim ,Al , Ms Jygross (1990); How does people use tobacco , 3rd edition Bosten butter worths ; Chapter 40
3. James F, Shepard ,Rogere ,Totten, (1975); Isolation and Regeneration of tobacco mesophyll Cells protoplast under low osmotic condition; plant physical; 55(4); 689–694
4. Kokate C K, Purohit A P, Gokhale S B, (2017); Pharmacognosy 53rd edition ,Natural pesticides,Antibiotics and Allergenic extracts, 18.9-19.12
5. Saoki ,Takebei , Otsaki Y, (1969); Infection of tobacco mesophyll protoplast  by tobacco mosaic virus, Proc Natl Acad Sci; 64(3); 843-848

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