March 2013

About Authors:
Lohithasu Duppala* , Manikumar Kothakota
GITAM Institute of Pharmacy,
GITAM University, visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India-530045.
* lohithasu@gmail.com, +919491894432

INTRODUCTION:
Cell Theory:
· All organisms consist of one  or more cells.
· Cell is the smallest unit of life.
· All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Cell cycle:
The dividing and non –dividing stages in the life of a cell are described by a series of events called the cell-cycle. The cell cycle  is the sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its genome and divides into daughter cells.Some cells, like skin cells ,divide continuously throught the life of the organism.Cardiac muscle cells are arrested in G2 phase.

About Authors:
Sharma Monish*, Kumar Bhupender
Seth G.L Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education,
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research.
Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan (INDIA)
*monish28sharma@gmail.com

Introduction :
The name “Allium sativum” is derived from the Celtic word “all”, meaning burning or stinging, and the Latin “sativum” meaning planted or cultivated. The English word, garlic, is derived from the Anglo-Saxon “gar-leac” or spear plant, referring to its flowering stalk.(Kemper J Kathi.2000)
Garlic (Allium sativum), a member of the Liliaceae family, is a common food for flavour and spice  and it is one of the herbs most commonly used in modernfolkloric medicine. Garlic was an important medicine to theancient Egyptians as listed in the medical text Codex Ebers(ca.1550 BC) especially for the working class involved in heavy labour because it was an effective remedy for many aliments such as heart problems, headache, bites, worms and tumours. In 1858, Pasteur noted garlic’s antibacterial activity, and it was used as an antiseptic to prevent gangrene during World War I and World War II. (Thomson Martha.et.al.2007, Tattelman Ellen.2005)

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ABOUT AUTHORS:
P.PRATHYUSHA*
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical and Educational Research,
Anantapur, A.P, India.
* prathyusha2012@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
In the present investigation, an attempt was made to formulate the Oral Controlled Release Matrix Tablets of Glibenclamide in order to improve efficacy, reduce the frequency of administration, reduce dose related side effects and better patient compliance. Four formulations were prepared by wet granulation method using Ethyl cellulose and as a polymer in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 and Conventional Tablets by using  Starch mucilage as a granulating agent. The formulated granules showed satisfactory flow properties. All the tablets formulation showed acceptable pharmaco technical properties and complied with pharmacopoeial standards. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content and invitro dissolution studies. In- vitro release studies were carried out at pH1.2 for first 2 hrs followed by phosphate buffer at pH7.4 over a period of 12hrs using USP dissolution apparatus. F3 shows good initial release of 25.2% in 1 hr and may extend release of 96.8% in 12 hrs. Different release models like zero order, first order, higuchi, Hixson-Crowell and krosmeyer-peppas were applied to invitro drug release data in order to evaluate the drug release mechanisms and kinetics. Formulated matrix tablets were compared with conventional and marketed (diaonil 5mg) formulations. Matrix tablets with optimum concentration of Ethyl cellulose were successfully developed and evaluated.

ABOUT AUTHORS:
DEVENDRA SINGH¹*, PANKAJ KUMAR SHARMA¹, ROOHI KESHARWANI², Dr. UDAI VIR SINGH SARA^1
1Raj kumar goel institute of technology, Delhi-Meerut Road, Ghaziabad, India
²Chandra shekhar singh college of pharmacy, Kaushambi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
* devendrasingh.pisces@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Oral administration still dominates drug therapy and more than 60 % of marketed drugs are oral products. This type of drug administration is preferred due to its convenience, high patient compliance, less stringent production conditions and lower costs. Unfortunately, this traditional drug delivery method has its limitations, due to gastrointestinal permeability, metabolism and elimination of drugs by the liver or gastrointestinal mucosa (first-pass effect). The main drawback of the oral route is that only those compounds that are stable in the gastrointestinal tract can be administered in this way. For this reason, the oral route has been used for mainly non-peptide drugs. Delivery of a drug by oral route is predominantly restricted by pre-systemic degradation and poor penetration across the gut wall. The major challenge in the oral drug delivery is the development of novel dosage forms to endorse absorption of poorly permeable drugs across the intestinal epithelium. In this article we reviewed the various permeation enhancers, histology of small intestine, barriers, application, advantages, some basic permeability enhancement techniques which are useful for enhancing the permeability of poorly permeable drugs