PharmaTutor (February- 2014)
ISSN: 2347 - 7881
Received On: 02/01/2014; Accepted On: 10/01/2014; Published On: 10/02/2014
Author: 1Rashmi Verma, 2Rakesh Tiwle
1Department of Pharmaceutics,
Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Bhilai, 491024, C.G
2Shri Laxmanrao Maker Institute of Pharmacy, Amgaon, Gondia,
Maharashtra, India- 441902.
rakesh_tiwle@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT: In the ancient age COPD has a variable natural history and not all individuals follow the same course about 15-20% of smokers develop clinically significant COPD. It is characterized by the airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible. It is predominantly caused by smoking, particularly occupational exposures,may also contribute to the development of COPD.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is diagnosed using a medical device called a spirometer, which measures air volume and flow, the main components of common clinical breathing tests (pulmonary function tests). Long-term exposure to lung irritants that damage the lungs and the airways usually is the cause of COPD. In this article we are focus about and detail review on the COPD.
How to cite this article: R Verma, R Tiwle, A Review on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, PharmaTutor, 2014, 2(2), 98-110
[ABSTRACT WITH CITATION] [VIEW AS HTML]
REFERENCES:
1. Siafakas NM, Vermeire P, Pride NB, et al. Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The European Respiratory Society Task Force. Euro Respire J 1995; 8: 1398– 1420.
2. Celli B, Snider GL, Heffener J, et al. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respire Crit Care Med 1995; 152: S77–S120.
3. Pauwels RA, Buist S, Calverley PMA, Jenkins CR, Hurd SS, on behalf of the GOLD Scientific Committee. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 1256–1276.
4. Georgopoulos D, Anthonisen NR. Symptoms and signs of COPD. In: Cherniack NS, ed. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Toronto, WB Saunders Co, 1991; pp. 357–363.
5. Management of COPD: assess and monitor disease. In: Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Workshop. NIH/NHLBI, 2001.
6. Calverley PMA, Georgopoulos D. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: symptoms and signs. In: Postma DS, Siafakas NM, eds. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir Mon 1998; 8: 6–24.
7. American Thoracic Society. Lung function testing: selection of reference values and interpretative strategies. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 1202–1218.
8. Gibson GJ, MacNee W. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: investigations and assessment of severity. In: Postma DS, Siafakas NM, eds. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir Mon 1998; 7: 25–40.
9. MacNee W. Path physiology of cor pulmonale in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 833–852 (part one); 1158–1168 (part two).
10. Connaughton JJ, Catterall JR, Elton RA, Stradling JR, Douglas NJ. Do sleep studies contribute to the management of patient with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138: 341–345.
11. Eaton T, Garrett JE, Young P, et al. Ambulatory oxygen improves quality of life of COPD patients: a randomised controlled study. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 306–312.
12. Krop HD, Block AJ, Cohen E. Neuropsychologic effects of continuous oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1973; 64: 317–322.
13. Heaton RK, Grant I, McSweeny AJ, Adams KM, Petty TL. Psychologic effects of continuous and nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med 1983; 143: 1941–1947.
14. Grant I, Heaton RK. Neuropsychiatric abnomalities in advanced COPD. In: Petty TL, ed. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1985; pp. 355–373.
15. Plywaczewski R, Sliwinski P, Nowinski A, Kaminksi D, Zielinski J. Incidence of nocturnal desaturation while breathing oxygen in COPD patients undergoing long-term oxygen therapy. Chest 2000; 117: 679–683.
16. Fletcher EC, Luckett RA, Goodnight-White S, Miller CC, Qian W, Costarangos-Galarza C. A double-blind trial of nocturnal supplemental oxygen for sleep desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a daytime Pa,O2 above 60 mm Hg. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 1070–1076.
17. Kimura H, Suda A, Sakuma T, Tatsumi K, Kawakami Y, Kuriyama T. Nocturnal oxyhemoglobin desaturation and prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and late sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis. Intern Med 1998; 37: 354–359.
18. Chaouat A, Weitzenblum E, Kessler R, et al. A randomized trial of nocturnal oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 997–999.
19. Liker ES, Karnick A, Lerner L. Portable oxygen in chronic obstructive lung disease with hypoxemia and cor pulmonale. Chest 1975; 68: 236.
20. Rooyackers JM, Dekhuijzen PN, Van Herwaarden CL, Folgering HT. Training with supplemental oxygen in patients with COPD and hypoxaemia at peak exercise.
21. Singh S, Loke YK, Enright P, Furberg CD (January 2013). "Pro-arrhythmic and pro-ischaemic effects of inhaled anticholinergic medications". Thorax 68 (1): 114–6. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201275. PMID 22764216.
22. Gartlehner G, Hansen RA, Carson SS, Lohr KN (2006). "Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Corticosteroids in Patients With COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Health Outcomes". Ann Fam Med 4 (3): 253–62. doi:10.1370/afm.517. PMC 1479432. PMID 16735528.
23. Shafazand S. "ACP Journal Club. Review: inhaled medications vary substantively in their effects on mortality in COPD". Ann. Intern. Med. June 2013, 158 (12): JC2. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-12-201306180-02002. PMID 23778926.
24. Mammen MJ, Sethi S. "Macrolide therapy for the prevention of acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn. 2012, 122 (1–2): 54–9.
25. Smith, Barbara K. Timby, Nancy E. (2005). Essentials of nursing : care of adults and children. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 338. ISBN 978-0-7817-5098-1.
26. Rom, William N.; Markowitz, Steven B., eds. (2007). Environmental and occupational medicine (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 521–2. ISBN 978-0-7817-6299-1.
27. "Wet cutting". Health and Safety Executive. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
28. George, Ronald B. Chest medicine : essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005, p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7817-5273-2.
29. Vestbo, Jørgen. "Management of Stable COPD". Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. 2013, pp. 31–8.
30. Drummond MB, Dasenbrook EC, Pitz MW, Murphy DJ, Fan E. "Inhaled corticosteroids in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis". November 2008, JAMA 300 (20): 2407–16. doi:10.1001/jama.2008.717. PMID 19033591.