PharmaTutor (April - 2017)
ISSN: 2347 - 7881
(Volume 5, Issue 4)
Received On: 14/12/2016; Accepted On: 04/01/2017; Published On: 01/04/2017
AUTHORS:
Noorul Hasan*, Mohd. Mujahid, Badruddeen, Nesar Ahmad, Shahla Parveen,Shaikh Zohrameena, Zafar Khan
Faculty of Pharmacy,
Integral University,
Lucknow, U.P., India
*noorulkhan999@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral condition primarily affecting children but regularly persisting into adolescence and adulthood. The symptoms must present in multiple settings ie home, school, work, be inappropriate for developmental level and interfere with the individual’s level of functioning, social development, learning processes, and quality of life. There are three presentations of ADHD i.e. inattentive, hyperactive and combined. There is a substantial pharmacopoeia available for safe and effective treatment of ADHD. CNS stimulants like methylphenidate, amphetamine are recommended as first-line medication therapy for children.
How to cite this article: Hasan N, Mujahid M, Badruddeen, Ahmad N, Parveen S, Zohrameena S, Khan Z;Advances & Considerations in Pharmacotherapy of Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); PharmaTutor; 2017; 5(4);28-37
[ABSTRACT WITH CITATION] [VIEW AS HTML]
REFERENCES:
1. Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management, Wolraich M, et al. ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2011; 128:1007–22.
2. Sucksdorff M, Lehtonen L, Chudal R, et al. Preterm birth and poor fetal growth as risk factors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2015;136: e599–607.
3. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder fact sheet. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013. Available at: dsm5.org/documents/adhd%20fact%20sheet.pdf. AccessedDecember 5, 2015.
4. Visser S, Danielson M, Bitsko R, et al. Trends in the parent-report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: United States, 2003-2011. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014;53:34–46.
5. Fabiano G, Pelham W, Coles E, et al. A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Psychol Rev 2009;29:129–40.
6. Rabiner D. New diagnostic criteria for ADHD: subtle but important changes. In: Attention research update. 2013. Available at: helpforadd.com/2013/june.htm. Accessed December 17, 2015.
7. Visser S, Zablotsky B, Danielson M, et al. Diagnostic experiences of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Natl Health Stat Rep 2015;81:1–7.
8. Pliszka S; AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46(7):894-921.
9. Cormier E. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review and update. J Pediatr Nurs 2008;23(5):345-57.
10. American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders DSM IV-TR. 4th ed. (Text Revision). American Psychiatric Press: Washington DC, 2000.
11. Fox AM, Mahoney WJ. Children with School Problems.Ottawa, ON: Canadian Paediatric Society, 1998.
12. American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2000;105(5):1158-70.
13. Barkley RA. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 1998.
14. Goldman LS, Genel M, Bezman RJ, Slanetz PJ. Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents.Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. JAMA 1998;279(14):1100-7.
15. Mercugliano M. What is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Pediatr Clin North Am 1999;46(5):831-43.
16. Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T. Attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbidity. Pediatr Clin North Am 1999;46(5):915-27, vii.
17. Root RW, Resnick RJ. An update on the diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Prof Psycho Res Prac 2003;34(1):34-41.
18. Thomas R, Sanders S, Doust J, et al. Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2015;135:e994–1001.
19. Visser S, Danielson M, Bitsko R, et al. Trends in the parent-report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: United States, 2003-2011. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014;53:34–46.
20. Spruyt K, Gozal D. Sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2011;11:565–77
21. Visser S, Zablotsky B, Danielson M, et al. Diagnostic experiences of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Natl Health Stat Rep 2015;81:1–7.
22. Willcutt E. The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta analytic review. Neurotherapeutics 2012;9:490–9.
23. Boyle C, Boulet S, Schieve L, et al. Trends in the prevalence of developmental disabilities in US children, 1997-2008. Pediatrics 2011;127:1034–42.
24. American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics2000;105(5):1158-70.
25. Tannock R. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: advances in cognitive, neurobiological, and genetic research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1998;39(1):65-99.
26. Pliszka SR, McCracken JT, Maas JW. Catecholamines in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current perspectives. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry1996;35(3):264-72.
27. Waldman ID, Rowe DC, Abramowitz A, Kozel ST, Mohr JH, Sherman SL, Cleveland HH, Sanders ML, Gard JM, Stever C. Association and linkage of the dopamine transporter gene and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: heterogeneity owing to diagnostic subtype and severity. Am J Hum Genet 1998;63(6):1767-76.
28. Mick E, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Sayer J, Kleinman S. Case-control study of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and maternal smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002;41(4):378-85.
29. Linnet KM, Dalsgaard S, Obel C, Wisborg K, Henriksen TB, Rodriguez A, Kotimaa A, Moilanen I, Thomsen PH, Olsen J, Jarvelin MR. Maternal lifestyle factors in pregnancy risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and associated behaviors: review of the current evidence. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160(6):1028-40.
30. Shaywitz SE, Cohen DJ, Shaywitz BA. The biochemical basis of minimal brain dysfunction.J Pediatr 1978; 92: 179–87.
31. Sagvolden T. Behavioral validation of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model of attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). NeurosciBiobehav Rev 2000; 24: 31–39.
32. Russell VA. The nucleus accumbens motor-limbic interface of the spontaneously hypertensive rat as studied in vitro by the superfusion slice technique. NeurosciBiobehav Rev 2000; 24: 133–36.
33. Barkley RA, Edwards G, Laneri M, Fletcher K, Metevia L. Executive functioning, temporal discounting, and sense of time in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). J Abnorm Child Psychol2001;29: 541–56.
34. Castellanos FX, Tannock R. Neuroscience of attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes.Nat Rev Neurosci2002; 3: 617–28.
35. Barkley.ADHD and the nature of self-control. New York: Guilford,1997.
36. Johansen E, Aase H, Meyer A, Sagvolden T. Attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) behaviour explained by dysfunctioning reinforcement and extinction processes. Behav Brain Res 2002; 130: 37–45.
37. Sonuga-Barke EJ. The dual pathway model of AD/HD: an elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2003; 27: 593–604.
38. Sergeant J. The cognitive-energetic model: an empirical approach to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. NeurosciBiobehav Rev 2000;24: 7–12.
39. Sergeant J. EUNETHYDIS—searching for valid aetiological candidates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or hyperkinetic disorder. Eur Child AdolescPsychiatr2004; 13 (suppl 1): I43–49.
40. Sonuga-Barke EJ. Casual models of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: from common simple deficits to multiple developmental pathways. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57: 1231–38.
41. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Welcome SE, Henkenius AL, Toga AW,Peterson BS. Cortical abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 2003; 362:1699–707.
42. Seidman LJ, Valera E, Bush G. Brain function and structure in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In: Spencer T, ed. Psychiatric clinics of North America. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Press, 2004: 323–47.
43. Durston S, Tottenham NT, Thomas KM, et al. Differential patterns of striatal activation in young children with and without ADHD.Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53: 871–78.
44. Lou H. Etiology and pathogenesis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); significance of prematurity and perinatal hypoxic-haemodynamic encephalopathy. Acta Paediatr.1996; 85:1266–71.
45. Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Ann Rev Neurosci 1986; 9: 357–81
46. Kauffman, J. (2000). Characteristics of emotional and behavioral disorders of children and youth (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
47. Kronenberger, W.G., & Meyer, R.G. (1996). The child clinician’s handbook. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
48. Purdie, N., Hattie, J. and Carroll, A. A Review of the Research on Interventions for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: What Works Best? Rev Educat Research, 2002; 72(1) 61–99.
49. MTA Cooperative Group. 14-Month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1999; 56:1073-86.
50. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Accessed February 4th, 2006, at nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=207034
51. Sprague RL, Sleator EK: Effects of psychopharmacologic agent on learning disorders. Pediator Clin North Am 20:719-735, 1973.
52. Werry JS: Medication for hyperkinetic children. Drugs 11:81-89,1976.
53. Millichap JG: Drugs in management of hyperkinetic and perceptually handicapped children. JAMA 206:1527, 1968.
44. Winsberg BG, Yepes LE, Bialer I: Pharmacologic management of children with hyperactive/ aggressive/inattentive behavior disorders. Clin Pediater 15:471-477,1976.
55. Shaywitz SE, SHYWITZ BA: Diagnosis and management of attention deficit disorder: A pediatric perspective. Pediator Clin North Am 31: 429-457,1984.
56. Sprague RL, Sleator EK: Methylphenidate in hyperkinetic children: Differences in dose effects on learning and social behavior. Science 198:1274-1276,1977.
57. Shaywitz SE, Sebrects MM, Vatlow P, et al: Plasma methylphenidate levels predict attention and activity: result in a double-blind placebo study. Pediatr Res 16:93, 1982.
58. Safer DJ, Allen RP: Sible daily dose methylphenidate in hyper-active children. Dis Nerv Syst 34:325-328, 1973.
59. Fischer KC, Wilson WP: Methyphenidate and hyperkinetic sate. Dis Nerv Syst 32:695-698, 1971.
60. Safer DJ, Allen RP: Factors influencing the suppressant effect of two stimulant drugs on the growth of hyperactive children. Pediatrics 51:660, 1973.
61. Sfer DJ, Allen RP, Barr E: Growth rebound after termination of stimulant drugs. J Pediatr 68:113, 1975.
62. Satterfield JH, Cartwell DP, Schnell A, et al: Growth of hyperactive children treated with methylphenidate. Arch Gen Psychiatry,36:212-217, 1979.
63. Gross MD: Grwth of hyperkinetic children taking methylphenidate, detroamphetamine, or imipramine. Pediatrics 58:423-431, 1976.
64. Piepho. RW, Gourley DR, Hill JW: Current therapeutic concepts: minimal brain dysfunction. J Am Pharm Assoc 17:500-504, 1977.
65. Lowe TL, Cohen DJ, Detlor J, et al: stimulant medications precipitate Tourettes syndrome. JAMA 247:1168, 1982.
66. Fischer KC, Wilson WP: Methyphenidate and hyperkinetic sate. Dis Nerv Syst 32:695-698, 1971.
67. Piepho. RW, Gourley DR, Hill JW: Current therapeutic concepts: minimal brain dysfunction. J Am Pharm Assoc 17:500-504, 1977.
68. Pelham WE Jr, Greenslade KE, Vodde-Hamilton M, et al. Relative efficacy of long-acting stimulants on children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: a comparison of standard methylphenidate, sustained-release methylphenidate, sustained-release dextroamphetamine, and pemoline. Pediatrics. 1990;86:226-37.
69. Laufer MW: Long-term management and some follow-up finings on the use of drugs with minimal cerebral syndromes. J Learn Disabil 4:55, 1971.
70. Charles L, Schain RJ, Guthrie D: Long-term use and discontinuation of methylphenidate with hyperactive children. Dev Med Child Neurol 21:758, 1979.
71. Kollins, S.H., Barkley, R.A. and DuPaul G.J. Use and management of medications for children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Arch Neurology, 2001 41:825-29
72. Bouron A, Chatton JY. Acute application of the tricyclic antidepressant desipraminepresynaptically stimulates the exocytosis of glutamate in the hippocampus. Neuroscience, 1999 Mar; 90(3): 729-36
73. Shaywitz SE,Shavywitz BA. Diagnosis and management of attention deficit disoder: A pediatric perspective. PediatrClin North Am 31:429-457, 1984.
74. Wender PH: The minimal braindysfunction syndrome. Annu Rev Med 26:45-62, 1975.
75. Werry JS: Medication for hyperkinetic children. Drugs 11:81-89, 1976.
76. Werry JS, Aman MG, Diamond E: Imipramine and methylphenidate in hyperactive children. J Child psychol Psychiatry 21:27-35, 1980 .
77. Bouron A, Chatton JY. Acute application of the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine presynaptically stimulates the exocytosis of glutamate in the hippocampus. Neuroscience, 1999 Mar; 90(3): 729-36
78. Brown RT, Amler RW, Freeman WS, et al. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Quality Improvement; American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: overview of the evidence. Pediatrics. 2005 Jun;115(6):e749-57.
79. Greydanus DE. Pharmacologic treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.Indian J Pediatr.2005;72:953-60.
80. Hunt, R.D., Arnsten, A.F., Asbell, M.D. An open trial of guanfacine in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995 Jan;34(1):50-4.
81. Connor, D.F., Fletcher, K.E., Swanson, J.M. A meta-analysis of clonidine for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;38(12):1551-59.
82. Barbey, J.T., Roose, S.P. SSRI safety in overdose. J Clin Psychiatry, 1998; 59 Suppl 15:42-8
83. Kollins, S.H., Barkley, R.A. and DuPaul G.J. Use and management of medications for children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Arch Neurology, 2001 41:825-29
84. Klein-Gittelman R, Klein DF, Katz S, Saraf K, Pollack E: Comparetive effects of methylphenidate and thioridazine in hyperkinetic children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 23:1217-1231, 1976.
85. Werry JS, Aman MG: Methylphenidate and haloperidol in children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 32:790-705, 1975.
86. Millichap JG: Drugs in management of hyperkinetic and percepttually handicapped children .JAMA 206:1527, 1968.
87. Barton, J. Atomoxetine: a new pharmacotherapeutic approach in the management of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Dis Child. 2005 Feb;90Suppl 1:i26-9.
88. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Accessed on 12th March, 2006 at medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=7729
89. Corman, S.L., Fedutes, B.A., Culley, C.M. Atomoxetine: the first nonstimulant for the management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2004 Nov; 15;61(22):2391-99.
90. Simpson, D., Plosker, G.L., Atomoxetine: a review of its use in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Drugs. 2004;64(2):205-22
.png)
