A REVIEW ON ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF RICINUS COMMUNIS LINN.

{ DOWNLOAD AS PDF }

About Authors:
KM. Preeti*, Ansu Bala Verma
Department of Pharmacology, Rameshwaram institute of technology and management,
Lucknow- 227202, India
preeti30sept@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
In recent years, Ricinus communis Linn. has become a subject of interest because of its beneficial effects on human health. The present ethnopharmacological review was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic properties of Ricinus communis by scientific evidences. It belongs to the family Euphobiaceae, which is commonly known as castor. Ricinus communis is found thoughout the hotter parts of India. This plant is extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathic and Allopathic system of medicine as cathartic. Traditionally this plant is used as laxative, purgative, fertilizer and fungicides etc. whereas the plant possess beneficial effects as antioxidant, antifertility, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, CNS stimulant, antidiabetic, insecticidal, larvicidal, antinociceptive, antiasthmatic, antiulcer, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, lipolytic, wound healing and central analgesic and many other medicinal properties. The extracts or the isolated compounds of this plant have been found to have potent activity against various ailments. The aim of present article is to explore the pharmacological or medicinal importance of the plant Ricinus communis linn.

REFERENCE ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-2119

PharmaTutor (ISSN: 2347 - 7881)

Volume 2, Issue 3

Received On: 19/01/2014; Accepted On: 27/01/2014; Published On: 05/03/2014

How to cite this article: KM Preeti, AB Verma, A Review on Ethnopharmacological Potential of Ricinus Communis Linn., PharmaTutor, 2014, 2(3), 76-85

Introduction
Erand has been freely used all over India since centuries. In day to day life, it is commonly used as a purgative. The botanical name of erand is Ricinus communis and it belongs to family Euphorbiaceae.¹ The seeds, seed oil, leaves and the roots of erand have great medicinal value. The plant is equally useful, both internally as well as externally. Externally, castor is effectively used in the diseases of vata associated with pain and swellings. Internally, erand is used as a potent drug in treating diseases of vata viz. arthritis, sciatica, facial palsy, paralysis, bodyache, tremors, headache etc.² The plant is native of India and cultivated throughout the country in gardens and fields and also grows wild in waste places. R.communis is a small wooden tree which grows to about 6 meters in height and found in South Africa, India, Brazil, and Russia. Stems of Ricinus communis have Anticancer, Antidiabetic and Antiprotozoal activity.³ In the Indian system of medicine, the leaf, root and seed oil of this plant have been used for the treatment of inflammation and liver disorders⁴, as they have been found to be anti-nociceptive⁵, hepatoprotective⁶, laxative⁷ and diuretic⁸_.

Morphology
The castor oil plant is a fast-growing, suckering perennial shrub or occasionally a soft wooded small tree up to 6 meter or more, but it is not hardy in nature. This plant was cultivated for leaf and flower colors and for oil production⁹ Leaves are alternate, curved, cylindrical, purplish petioles, sub peltate, drooping, stipules large, ovate, yellowish, united into a cap enclosing the buds, deciduous, blade 6-8 inches across, palmately cut for three quarters of its depth into 7-11 lanceolate, acute, coarsely serrate segments, smooth blue green, paler beneath, red and shining when young. Flowers are monoecious, large, arranged on the thick rachis of an oblong, spicate panicle, which is at first terminal but becomes lateral by the growth of an axillary bud beneath it; male flowers shortly stalked, on branched peduncles at the base of the panicle, pedicels articulated about the middle; female flowers sessile, at the upper part; bracts broadly triangular. Fruit is blunt, greenish, deeply-grooved, tricoccus capsule, less than an inch long, with the prominences of the ovary becomes sharp, weak, spreading spines, 3-celled, dehiscing loculicidally and septicidally into 6 valves. Seeds are ovoid, flattened, nearly 5/8 inch long by ¼ broad, smooth, shining, pinkish- grey, prettily mottled with dark brown, caruncle large, subglobular, raphe faintly raised, running down centre of ventral surface, embryo large in axis of the endosperm, cotyledons foliaceous, broadly ovate, with a cordate base, veined.¹⁰ Roots are light in weight almost straight withfewrootlets, outer surface dull yellowish brown, nearly smooth but marked with longitudinal wrinkels.¹¹

Vernacular names
English : Castor, Castor-oil plant
Hindi : Arand, Arand, Andi, Rend
Sanskrit : Gandharvahasta, Vatari
Gujrat: Erandio, Erando
Assam: Eda, Era
Kanada: Haralu, Oudala, Gida
Malyalam: Avanakku
Marathi: Errand
Bengali: Bherenda¹²

Taxonomical classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Sub Family: Acalyphoideae
Tribe: Acalypheae
Sub Tribe: Ricininae
Genus: Ricinus
Species: communis

Benefits of the plant
Castor oil is widely used as a catharatic, and also for lubrication and illumination. The oil as such or after modification finds extensive applications in industry, particularly in USA. Bulk of the commercial oil is generally processed in a number of ways and then used for different purposes. The treated oil finds use in products like paints, enamels and varnishes, oiled fabrics, linoleum, patent leather, fly-paper, typewriting and printing inks, greases and special lubricants, polishes, waxes, cutting, dielectric and condenser oils, softening agent for gelatin in rayon sizing, nitrocellulose-baking finishes, hydraulic brake fluids, urethane foams and rubber substitutes, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and insecticidal formulations. Oil from the perennial types is used for illumination and lubrication while that from the annual types is preferred for medicinal use. Castor oil is often given orally, alone or with quinine sulphate to induce labour in pregnancy at term. The oil can be used as a vehicle for parenteral administration of steroidal hormones. It is used in the preparation of liquid disinfectants like phenyls. It is an excellent illuminant and has been used in lamps from very early times in India. It is used in soap making. Castor cake is used as manure in India. It is rich in nitrogen and other minerals, and has been found to be suitable as a manure for paddy, sugarcane, tobacco etc. Leaves are occasionally fed to cattle. They are reported to increase the yield of milk. The powdered leaves are used for repelling aphids, mosquitoes, white flies and rust mites. The insectisidal activity is probably due to the presence of the alkaloid ricinine in them. Expressed juice and aqueous and alkaline extracts of the leaves were active against mycobacteria and yeast. Leaves are said to used in the form of a poultice or fomentation on sores, boils and swellings. Leaves coated with oil and warmed, are commonly applied over the abdomen to give relief in the flatulence in the children. An infusion of leaves is used for stomache-ache, and as a lotion for the eye. Pounded leaves are said to give relief in caries, and are applied over guineaworm sores to extract the worm. Fresh juice of leaves is reported to be used as an emetic in the poisoning by narcotics like opium; it is also considered useful in jaundice. Leaves are considered lactagogue and are applied as poultice over the breasts or taken internally in the form of juice. Roots are administered in the form of a decoction for lumbago and allied complaints, in the form of a paste for toothache. Root bark is reported to be a powerful purgative.^13,14,15

Phytochemical constituents
The presences of various phytoconstituents in different parts of Ricinus communis Linn have been reported.

Fatty acid
Seed oil of castor-plant showed the presence of fatty acid, ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid). Ricinoleic acid comprises over 84% while other fatty acids present were linoleic (7.3%), oleic (5.5%), palmitic (1.3%), stearic (1.2%) and linolenic (0.5%), respectively.¹⁶

Essential oil
The GC-MS analyses of R. Communis essential oil using capillary columns has showncompounds like @-thujone (31.71%), @-pinene (16.88%), camphor (12.92%) and camphene (7.48%).¹⁷

Triterpenoid saponin
The Seeds of Ricinus communis showed thepresence of Triterpenoid Saponin, 3-O-[β -D-glucoronopyranosyl-(1→ 3)-α –L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→ 2)β- D-glucopyranosyl]-4α,20α-hydroxy methyl olean-12-ene-28-oic acid.¹⁸

Triacylglycerols
Five types of castor bean seed oil triacylglycerols were identified as triricinolein, RRR (84.1%),diricinoleoylstearoylglycerol, RRS (8.2%), diricinoleoyloleoyl-glycerol, RRO (5.6%), diricinoleoyllinoleoylglycerol, RRL (1.2%) and diricinoleoylpalmitoyl-glycerol, RRP (0.9%) respectively.¹⁶

Flavonoid
The dried leaves of R. communis showed the presence of six flavones glycosides kaempferol-3-Oβ-D-xylopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D xylopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside and quercetin-3-O-β-rutinoside.¹⁹Seed and leaf of R. Communis also showed the presence of flavonoids like prunin 2’-o-para coumaroyl, prunin 6”-o-para coumaroyl.²⁰

Protein
Seeds of ricinus communis contain three toxic proteins Ricin A, B and C and one ricinus agglutinin.²¹

Steroid
Entire plant of Ricinus communis showed the presence of steroid Brassicasterol and Campesterol .²²

NOW YOU CAN ALSO PUBLISH YOUR ARTICLE ONLINE.

SUBMIT YOUR ARTICLE/PROJECT AT articles@pharmatutor.org

Subscribe to Pharmatutor Alerts by Email

FIND OUT MORE ARTICLES AT OUR DATABASE

Anthocyanins
The stem bark of the castor plant showed the presence of Anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-O-β-xylopyranoside-5-O-β- glucopyranoside (21 %), cyanidin 3-O-β xylopyranoside-5-O-(6'''-O-malonyl-β- glucopyranoside) (79 %) and cyanidin 3-O-β-xylopyranoside-5-O-(6'''-Omethylmalonate- β-glucopyranoside).²³

Tannins
The leaf extracts of Ricinus communis showed the presence of tannins such as catechin and gallic acid.

Alkaloid
Alkaloids are present in the aerial parts of the Ricinus communis. The root of Ricinus communis showed the presence of indole 3 acetic acid and the ricinin (0.55%) and N-Demethylricinin (0.016%) . alkaloid present in the leaf of plant.¹⁹

Tablie no1. Stucture of phytochemical constitutes

Table 2. Report on Ethnopharmacological activities

Activity	Plant part/extract	Animal / Experimental model	Result	Ref.
Analgesic activity	Seed / oil	Mice and rat / Hot-plate method, tail clip method and tail-immersion method	In analgesic studies, castor oil showed more significant analgesic activity at 1000 mg/kg(8.37±0.41) and (4.90 ± 0.19) then 500mg/kg tested dose level.. The analgesic activity of castor oil was however, less than that of pentazocine. The results suggest that castor oil possesses significant analgesic property.	₂₄
Antiarthritic activity	Leaves / Hydroalco-holic extract	Rats / Freund’s adjuvant induced arthritic rats	Ricinus communis leaves extract show the significant antiarthritic effect at the 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg dose level. It might be speculated due to phytochemicals present such as flavonoids and saponin..	₂₅
Anti-inflammatory activity	Leaves / 80% Mathanolic extract	Wistar Rat / Carrageenan-induced paw edema (Acute model) and cotton pellet induced granuloma models (Sub-chronic model)	The results of 80% methanolic extract (500 mg/kg) and total flavonoids fractions (50 mg/kg) were at par with diclofenac sodium (20 mg/kg).Ricinus communis leaves have anti-inflammatory potentials and flavonoids are dominating this activity in the extract.	₂₆
Antiasthmatic	Root / Ethanolic extract	Rats / Milk induced leucocytosis and eosinophilia , Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test, Mast cell degranulations	The ERCR significantly decreasesMilk induced leucocytosis and eosinophilia and protect degranulation of mast cells in mice. At same dose ERCR inhabited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats.Hence ERCR shows antiasthmatic activity may be due to the presence of flavonoids and saponins.	₂₇
Antidandruff activity	Leaves / Aqueous , methanolic , chloroform and petroleum ether extract	Anti dandruff assay with DMSO	R.commuis leaf extracts has antidandruff effects and due to its potential bioactive compounds. Phytochemical screening of various solvent extracts of R.communis leaves revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phlobatannins and terpenoids methanolic extracts exhibited significant activity (8.20 ± 0.3). Aqueous extracts of the leaves recorded appreciable inhibitory activity (5.74 ± 0.8) when compared with chloroform (1.66± 1.2) and petroleum ether extracts. Petroleum ether extract gave a mean zone of inhibition of 0.90 ± 0.3 mm, showing the ineffectiveness of the extract.	₂₈
Antidiabetic activity	Root / Ethanolic extract	Alloxan induce diabetes mellitus	Blood glucose concentration of rats administered Ricinus communis reduced from 390.0 to 148.5 or 61.9%. Results from this study have confirmed the hypoglycaemic efficacy of root extract of Ricinus communis in rats.	₂₉
Antinociceptive	Leaves / Methanolic extract	Acetic acid induced writhing test , Formalin induced paw licking and Tail immersion method	The results indicated that MRCL exhibited considerable Antinociceptive activity against three classical models of pain in miceat doses of 100, 125 and 150 mg/kg bw. Preliminary phytochemical analysis suggested the presence of saponin, steroids and alkaloids.	₃₀
Antiulcer activity	Seed / oil	Rats / Gastric cytoprotection method , aspirin induce gastric mucosal damage, pyloric ligation.	The result of indicate that the higher dose of castor oil 1000mg/kg (UI ; 2.35 ± 0.15) was effective in protecting ulcer. It appears that castor oil possess antiulcerogenic principles like flavonoids tannins and saponins.	₃₁
Antimicrobial and Antifungal activity	Leaves / Methanolic , Ethanolic and Water extract	Bacteria and fungi / Agar well diffusion method and agar tube dilution method	Methanolic leaf extracts were found to be more active against Gram positive bacteria as well as Gram negative bacteria than ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts. Methanolic as well as aqueous leaf extracts of Ricinus communis were effective in inhibiting the fungal growth.	₃₂
Hepatoprotective activity	Leaves / Ethanolic extract	Rats / carbon tetra chloride (Ccl4) induced hepatotoxicity	The hepatoprotective activity was studied in liver by measuring the parameters like serum levels of Glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), Bilirubin, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and histological changes in liver of different groups of animals were observed. The results of the present study showed that, the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Bilurubin were significantly increased in hepatotoxin treated group (P<0.001) when compared with control group.	₃₃
Hypolipidmic activity	Root / Aqueous extract	Pap-method, Polyvinylsulphate method, Dextran sulphate-Mg2+ method and glycerol-phosphate oxidase method	A significant reduction in the ratio of High density lipoprotein to Low density lipoprotein compared with the diabetic untreated rats is suggestive of the ability of the extract to reduce atherosclerosis, a complication of diabetes.	₂₉
In-vitro Immunomodulatory activity	Leaves / Mathanolic extract	Qualitative nitroblue terazolium tert, phagocytosis of killed candida albicans, nutrophil locomotion chemotexis test	The isolated compound (tannin) of R.communis was tested at concentrations, viz 10 µg/ml, 20 µg/ml, 40 µg/ml, 100 µg/ml and 1000 µg/ml. The isolated compound showed predominantly significant activity on human neutrophils in all the parameters tested, which was comparable to the standard and control at different concentrations, indicating the possible immunomodulating effect.	₃₄
Bio-Insecticidal activity	Leaf, root and seed Kernel / Aqueous extract	Field-cage experiments-Direct treatment of diamondback moth infested cabbage plant in cage experiments, Residual activity of the botanical treatments, Effect of different treatments on the oviposition behaviour of P. xylostella.	In view of the low oviposition rates, oviposition deterrent, immature mortality, and the relatively low persistence of the toxic ricin oil, it can be expected that the use of R. communis product be suitable for P. xylostella population density reduction in the field.	₃₅
In-vitro Cytotoxic activity	Leaves/essential oil	HeLa cells/MTT test	At a concentration of 3 mg/ml, essential oil destructed HeLa cells by about 30%, however at a concentration of 4 mg/ml, almost all HeLa cells were destructed. Cytotoxicity was expressed as the concentration of oil inhibiting cell growth by 50% (IC50). The IC50 value of R. communis essential oil was evaluated to 2.63 mg/ml.	₃₆
In-vitro Antioxidant activity	Stems / petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, methanol, 50% methanol crude, aqueous crude extract	DPPH Method, Nitric Oxide Radical Inhibition Method	The six extracts Ricinus communis stem and two standards tested for antioxidant activity using DPPH method, the benzene and 50% methanol successive extracts showed the maximum antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 36.19 ± 2.332 µg/ml and 34.40 ± 5.98 µg/ml, respectively. The methanol and chloroform extract also showed antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 64.18 ± 3.20 and 66.17 ± 6.30 µg/ml. The distilled water crude extracts showed IC50 values of 106.14±4.33 µg/ml, respectively. The Ricinus communis stem extracts also produce antioxidant activity due to the Presence of flavonoids in their extracts.	₃₇

NOW YOU CAN ALSO PUBLISH YOUR ARTICLE ONLINE.

SUBMIT YOUR ARTICLE/PROJECT AT articles@pharmatutor.org

Subscribe to Pharmatutor Alerts by Email

FIND OUT MORE ARTICLES AT OUR DATABASE

Discussion and conclusion
Plants have been used as a source of medicine since the dawn of civilization. These medicines occupied a distinct place in the life right from the primitive period till date and provided information on the use of plants or plant products and products as medicine. The use of medicinal plants in the management of various illnesses is due to their phytochemical constituents and dates back antiquity.

It is very essential to have a proper documentation of medicinal plants and to know their potential for the improvement of health and hygiene through an ecofriendly system. Thus, a detailed and systematic ethnomedicinal study is required for identification, cataloguing and documentation of plants, which may provide a meaningful way for the promotion of the traditional knowledge of the herbal medicinal plants.

Acknowledgement
Authors express their sincere thanks to the Head of the Dept. of Pharmacy, Rameshwaram institute of technology and management, lucknow, India, for the facilities provided and there continuous support and suggestion during the writing of this manuscript

References
1.Khogali A, Barakat S, Abou-Zeid H., “Isolation and identification of the phenolics from Ricinus communis L.” 1992,: Delta J. Sci. 16, 198–211.
2.Scarpa A, Guerci A., “Various uses of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.): a review.” 1982,: J.Ethnopharmacol. 5, 117–137.
3.Singh.R.K., Gupta.M.K., Singh.A.K. and Kumar S.,
“Pharmacognostical Investigation Of Ricinus Communis Stem.” 2010,: IJPSR; Vol. 1: Issue 6: 89- 94.
4.Kirtikar K.R, Basu B.A. 1991. Indian Med. Plants 3, 2274–2277.
5.Dnyaneshwar J.T, Maruti G.W, Rajendra SB, Ravindra YP., “Antinociceptive activity of Ricinus communis L. Leaves”, 2011,: Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 139-141.
6.Visen P, Shukla B, Patnaik G, Tripathi S, Kulshreshtha D, Srimal R, DhawanB, “Hepatoprotective activity of Ricinus communis leaves.”, 1992,: Int. J. Pharmacol.30, 241–250.
7.Capasso F, Mascolo N, Izzo AA, Gaginella TS, “Dissociation of castor oil Induced diarrhoea and intestinal mucosal injury in rat, effect of NG-nitro-Larginine methyl ester”, 1994,: Br. J.Pharmacol. 113, 1127–1130.
8.Abraham Z, Bhakuni, SD, Garg HS, Goel AK, Mehrotra BN, Patnaik GK, “Screening of Indian plants for biological activity”, 1986,: Indian J. Exp. Biol. 12 (24), 48–68.
9.The Wealth of India. A Dictionary of Indian Raw Material and Industrial Products, 1972, Vol-IX, 26-47.
10. Bentley R, Trimen H, Medicinal Plants, 2007,:Vol. 4: 237.
11.Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Ayush. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India 2007; Part- I: Vol. III: 34- 35.
12.Eudmar Marcolino de Assis Junior, Ismael Malaquias dos Santos Fernandes, Caio Sergio Santos, Luciene Xavier de Mesquita, Rogerio Aparecido Pereira, Patricio Borges Maracaja, Benito Soto Blanco, “Toxicity of castor bean (Ricinus communis) pollen to honeybees Agriculture”, 2011,: Ecosystems and Environment; 141: 221–223.
13.Encyclopedia Britanica. 2000. Castor oil. Britanica.com/bcom/eb/article/4/ 0, 57. 16, 2105+1+20724, 00htm? query=castoroil%20 oil.
14.CSIR, 1972,: The wealth of India. Raw materials. Vol. 9. Publications & Information Directorate, Council for Scientificand Industrial Research, New Delhi. 472.
15.Kadambi, K. and S.N. Dabral, “The silviculture of Ricinus communis Linn”, 1955, Indian Forester 81(1): 53-58.
16.Jumat S., Noor D.A. M., Nazrizawati A.T., Firdaus M.Y. Mohd & Noraishah A., “Fatty Acid composition and physicochemical properties of malaysian castor bean Ricinus communis L. seed oil,” 2010, Sains Malaysiana 39(5): 761–764.
17.Kadri A., Gharsallah N., Damak M. and Gdoura R., “Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant properties of essential oil of Ricinus communis L.,” 2011,: Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 5(8), pp. 1466-1470.
18.Khan N. A, Dubey C. and Srivastava A., “A Triterpenoid Saponin from the Seeds of Ricinus communis,” 2010,: 14th international electronic conference on synthetic organic chemistry.
19.Kang S.S., Cordell A., Soejarto D.D., Fong H.H.S., “Alkaloids and flavonoids from Ricinus communis.” 1985,: J. Nat. Prod.48 (1), 155–156.
20.Yuldashev M.P., Batirov É.Kh., Malikov V.M., “Acylated flavanone glycosides from Ricinus communis.,” 1993,:Chemistry of Natural Compounds ,Volume 29, Issue 3, pp 303-305.
21.Murthy P.S., Moorti R., Pugazhenthi S., Babu B.V., Prabhu K.M., Ratnakar P., Shukla R., Puri D., Dev G., Rusia U., Aggarwal S., “Studies with purified orally active compounds from fenugreek seeds, banyan tree bark, bittergourd fruits and garlic bulbs in diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and tuberculosis. 2003,: Trends Clin. Biochem. Lab. Med.; 635–639.[8]
22.MalcolmJ. Thompson, William S. Bowers., “Lupeol and 30- norlupan-3β-ol-20-one from the coating of the castor bean (Ricinus communi L.),” 1968,: phytochemistry, 7, 845-847.
23.Robert B., Monica J., Bernard K., Øyvind M. A., “New anthocyanins from stem bark of castor, Ricinus communis,” Chemistry Department, Makerere University.
24.Kore K.J., Shete R.V.., Kabra M.P., Rachhadiya R.M., “Evaluation of analgesic activity of castor oil in experimental animals.,” 2011,: International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1(2).
25.Kabra M P, Rachhadiya R M. & Shete R V,“Pharmacological investigation of hydroalcholic extract of Ricinus communis leaves in arthritis induces rat,” 2011,: Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research Issue 4 (Vol. 1) ISSN: 2231-2560.
26.Saini A.K, Goya R, Gauttam V.K, Kalia A.N., “Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of Ricinus communis Linn leaves extracts and its flavonoids content in Wistar rats.,” 2010,: J. Chem. Pharm. Res., , 2(5):690-695
27.Taur D J, Patil R Y., “Antiasthmatic activity of Ricinus communis L. Roots.,” 2011,: Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine S13-S16.
28.Sibi G, Kaur G, devi G, Kumar K.R.R and Mallesha H., “Anti-dandruff activity of Ricinus communis Linn. leaf extracts,” 2012,: int j curr pharm res, vol 4, issue 3, 74-76.
29.Matthew O. O., Olusola L., Matthew A. O, “Preliminary Study of Hypoglycaemic and Hypolipidemic Activity of Aqueous Root Extract of Ricinus communis in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats.,” 2012,: J. Phys Pharm Adv, 2(10): 354-359.
30.Taur D.J, Waghmare M.G, Bandal R.S, Patil R.Y, “Antinociceptive activity of Ricinus communis L. Leaves.” 2011,: Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 139-141.
31.Rachhadiya R.M, Kabra M.P, Shete R.V., “Evalution of antiulcer activity of castor oil in rats,” 2011,: IJRAP, 2(4) 1349-1353.
32.Rabia N, Asghari B, “Antimicrobial potential of Ricinus communis leaf extracts in different solvents against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains,” 2012,: Asian Pac J Trop Biomed; 2(12): 944-947.
33.Ravishankar K., Indira N., Vijay Bhaskar R., “In vivo hepatoprotective activity of Ricinus communis. linn leaf extract against ccl4 induced hepatic damage in albino rats,” 2012,: International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research; 3(3): 444-449.
34.Kumar A , Singh V, Ghosh S, “An experimental evalution of in vitro immunomodulatory activity of isolated compound of Ricinus communis on human neutrophils.,” 2011,: International journal of green pharmacy.,5:201-4.
35.Tounou A.K, Mawussi G, Amadou S, Agboka K, Gumedzoe Y. M. D and Sanda K., Bio-insecticidal effects of plant extracts and oil emulsions of Ricinus communis L. (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae) on the diamondback, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) under laboratory and semi-field conditions., Journal of Applied Biosciences; 43: 2899 – 2914; ISSN 1997–5902
36.Zarai Z, Chobba I.B, Mansour R.B, Békir A, Gharsallah N, Kadri A., “Essential oil of the leaves of Ricinus communis L.: In vitro cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties,” 2012,: Lipids in Health and Disease, 11:102.
37.Singh R.K, Gupta M.K, Katiyar D, Srivastava A and Singh P., “In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity Of The Successive Extracts of Ricinus communis Stems,” 2010,: IJPSR Vol. 1, Issue 8.