Review Articles

6 March 2014

RESEALED ERYTHROCYTES - AS A CARRIER

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ABOUT AUTHORS:
Meenu Sharma*, Saroj jain
Department of Pharmaceutics, Hindu college of pharmacy
Panchayat Bhawan, Gohana Road, Sonipat (Haryana)
meenu99sharma@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Amongst various carriers explored for target oriented drug delivery, vesicular, microparticulate and cellular carriers meet several criteria rendering them useful in clinical applications. Lymphocytes, leukocytes, platelets, granulocytes and erythrocytes have been proposed as a cellular carriers. Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, and have been the most extensively investigated and found to possess great potential in novel drug delivery. The biocompatibility, non- pathogenicity, non-immunogenicity and biodegradability make them unique and useful carriers. The prime function of these RBCs is to transport gases for respiratory processes. Carrier erythrocytes are prepared by collecting blood sample from the organism of interest and separating erythrocytes from plasma. By using various methods the cells are broken and the drug is entrapped into the erythrocytes, finally they are resealed and the resultant carriers are then called "resealed erythrocytes". Erythrocytes have been proposed as a carriers for a wide range of bioactive components including drugs enzymes, pesticides, DNA molecules and others.
4 March 2014

IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIAL SPECIES BY COMBINED BIOINFORMATIC AND POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

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About Authors:
Emanual Michael Patelia, Bushra Ahmed, Muhammad Javaid, Jayesh Patel, Rakesh Thakur, Mishra Trinath
Department of Pharmacology, University of Bedfordshire, England,
United Kingdom, LU1 3JU
ricky.emanual@gmail.com

Abstract
The identification will be carried out by comparing a potential PCR product obtained from an unknown species with other PCR products specific to 5 known species, using the same five set of pairs of primers specific of these five species respectively. This implies that each PCR product obtained for each species has to be specific to each species and can be considered as a marker in this exercise. This specificity will be based on the uniqueness of the chosen template that is to be used for each PCR. In addition, since the PCR products will not be sequenced, they will be differentiated by their size, which will be identified by agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR product can only be used as a marker that defines a species if the amplified sequence is unique to this species. Therefore, the first step in this exercise will be to identify a suitable sequence to amplify for each species. Following the identification of a suitable template, the size of the PCR will have to be defined; since the comparative analysis will be based not only on the presence of a product but also its size, all PCR products should have different sizes identifiable on agarose gel. Since the size of a PCR product is defined by the location of primers along the sequence, the second step in this exercise will be to design suitable primers. Finally, having defined specific template and primers for each species, PCR will be carried out using the DNA of unknown species as a template with all five sets of primers so that a successful PCR product and its size would identify the unknown species as one of the five species.
27 February 2014

SOLID DISPERSION: A TOOL TO ENHANCE SOLUBILITY OF POORLY WATER SOLUBLE DRUGS

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ABOUT AUTHORS:
Ravindra M Hanwate*¹, Dehghan M H G², Saifee M²
¹Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr.Vedprakash Patil College Of Pharmacy, Auranganad, Maharashtra, India
²Department of Pharmaceutics, Y.B.Chavan College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
* ravi_hanwate@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT
Solid dispersions have been used to increase the dissolution rates of poorly water soluble drugs. Many methods are used to prepare solid dispersions. This paper reports various solubility enhancement strategies in solid dispersion. The methods described are fusion (melting), solvent evaporation, lyophilization (freeze drying), melt agglomeration process, spray drying technology, use of surfactant. The paper also shows study of characterization, selection of carriers, potential applications and limitations of these methods in solid dispersion.
20 February 2014

A REVIEW ON INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS SYNDROME (ICS)

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About Authors:
M Sushma*, TVV Vidyadhar, R Mohanraj, M Babu
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (RIPER),
K R Palli Cross, Near S.K University, Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
*sushma.banthi@gmail.com

Abstract:
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is an irritative bladder syndrome of multifactorial aetiology and is said to be one of the several conditions that causes bladder pain, which is most commonly seen in women than in men. It is of unknown aetiology. But some factors like autoimmune disorder, Genetic predisposition, Gynaecologic surgery in the past, History of recurrent UTIs. The body's immune system attacks the bladder, similar to other autoimmune conditions. The urologist may use a special scope called a cytoscope to look inside your bladder for inflammation, pinpoint bleeding. Management of IC is done by oral therapy of pentosanpolysulphate, Tricyclic anti-depressants, Anti-histamines, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Bladder analgesics. Whereas intravesical therapy Dimethyl sulphoxide, heparin, Bacillus calmette-Guerin
18 February 2014

A REVIEW: ATHEROSCLEROSIS & ITS TREATMENT

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About Author:
Mr. Yogesh K. Patil
Lecturer, Department of Pharmacology,
Shree Mahavir Institute of Pharmacy,
Nashik.
yogesh_kpatil85@yahoo.co.in

Abstract:
Atherosclerosis is deposition of fatty substances into the inner wall of blood vessels. Due to deposition of lipid material into blood vessels there is restricted flow to blood to various organs like kidney, heart, lungs etc. To overcome this effect various drugs available in market like statins, fibrates etc. There is also way to clean lipid from inner lining of blood vessels through surgery which is last step of treatment. There are mainly two surgeries available that is bypass surgery of heart and angioplasty.
13 February 2014

PROBIOTICS - A REVIEW

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About Authors:
V.Sankar¹*, Akash kurian²
*¹Department of Pharmacy Practice, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore.
²PHARM.D Intern, PSG College of Pharmcy, Coimbatore.
*akash.kurian8@gmail.com

Abstract:
The objective of review is to outline the probiotics use in medicine and to give insight in to the field for different applications. The use of probiotics in treatment regimen is increasing. Probiotics are live organisms and prebiotics are components of food that are not otherwise easily digested by humans and these food components essentially feed beneficial bacteria in the gut. Probiotics can be formulated to many different types of products including drugs, foods and dietary supplements. Species of lactobacillus and bifidobacterium are most commonly used as probiotics. Probiotics are intended to assist the body’s naturally occurring gut mitochondria. Some probiotic preparations have been used to prevent diarrhea caused by antibiotics or as part of treatment for antibiotic related dysbiosis. This article focus on the probiotics use, clinical trials and its future.
9 February 2014

A REVIEW: EFFECT OF DIABETES ON VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM

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About Authors:
Yogesh K. Patil
Lecturer, Department of Pharmacology,
Shree Mahavir Institute of Pharmacy,
Nashik.
yogesh_kpatil85@yahoo.co.in

Abstract:
Endothelial dysfunction is mainly observed in diabetics. The main role of endothelium is to control the tone of the vascular smooth muscle through the production of vasodilator mediators like nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation has been observed in vascular beds of different animal models of diabetes and in humans with type 1 and 2 diabetes. Hyperglycaemia causes repeated acute changes in intracellular metabolism and causes activation of polyol pathway, activation of protein kinase C, advanced glycation end product and increased oxidative stress.

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7 February 2014

REVIEW: AN OVERVIEW ON FLOATING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

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About Authors:
Hemant Maheta, MR Patel, KR Patel, MS Patel
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Shri B.M.Shah College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research,
College Campus, Modasa-383315, Gujarat, India.
hsmehta19@gmail.com

Abstract:
The purpose of writing this review on floating drug delivery systems was special focus on the principle mechanism of floatation to achieve gastric retention. Conventional oral dosage forms has short residence times & unpredictable gastric emptying time. The idea of gastric retention comes from the need to localize drugs at a specific region of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) such as stomach in the body. Many drugs get absorbed only in the upper intestinal tract, designing such molecules as once-daily formulations are exclusive for these molecules. Thus GI retention platforms had emerged. Gastroretentive drug delivery systems are designed to be retained in the stomach for a prolonged time. Gastroretentive drug delivery systems have potential for use as controlled release drug delivery system. The use of floating drug delivery system is one method to achieve prolonged gastric residence times, providing opportunity for both local & systemic drug action. Thus, gastroretention could help to provide greater availability of new products and consequently improved therapeutic activity and substantial benefits to patients. This article aims at reviewing the floating drug delivery system including types, approaches for designing the floating dosage form, advantages & disadvantages of FDDS.
6 February 2014

A CRITICAL INSIGHT INTO THE INTRICATE ROLE OF PLANT HORMONES IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT PHASE

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About Authors:
Puneet Sudan*, Swati Sudan, Tapan Behl, Monika Sharma, Rashi Wanchoo Misri
Department of Pharmacognosy,
Doaba College of Pharmacy, Kharar, Punjab
*puneetsudan22@gmail.com

Abstract:
Plant hormones are specialized and very vital chemical substances produced by plants. The chemicals are each grouped together into one of these classes based on their structural similarities and on their effects on plant physiology. Plant stress hormones activate cellular responses, including cell death, to diverse stress situations in plants.
4 February 2014

A REVIEW: FORMULATION OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLET

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ABOUT AUTHORS:
Patel Zinkal K.*, Patel Rahul R, Dr Kanu R Patel, Dr Mukesh R Patel
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Shri B.M. Shah College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
Dhansura Road College campus Modasa, Dist:- Arvali. Pin code:- 383315 Gujarat, (india)
*zinkal.pharm27@yahoo.in, rahulrpatel21089@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
As pharmaceutical scientists are attaining a better understanding of biochemical and physicochemical properties related to the drug action, the drug delivery systems are becoming simple. Recent advances in Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) aim for designing dosage forms, convenient to be manufactured and administered, free of side effects, offering immediate release and enhanced bioavailability, so as to achieve better patient compliance Oral delivery is currently the gold standard in the pharmaceutical industry where it is regarded as the safest, most convenient and most economical method of drug delivery. Fast dissolving tablet is designed to allow administration of an oral solid dose form in the absence of water or fluid intake. Such tablets when put on the tongue. it readily dissolve or disintegrate in the saliva without chewing or water within <60 seconds. Fast- or mouth dissolving tablets have been formulated for pediatric, geriatric, and bedridden patients and for active patients who are busy and traveling and may not have access to water. This review includes requirements for fast disintegrating tablets, sailent features, advantages, limitations, challenges in formulation, various technologies developed for fast disintegrating tablets, patented technologies, evaluation methods and various marketed products.