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Researchers Found Tooth Enamel came from Skin

 

 

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Tooth enamel is the hardest substance produced by our body, composed almost entirely of the mineral apatite (calcium phosphate) deposited on a substrate of three unique enamel matrix proteins. New research suggests that tooth enamel originated in the skin. Researchers from Uppsala University in Sweden and the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) in China combined data from paleontology and genomics to arrive at the answer. The study appeared in the journal Nature.

Certain fishes such as sharks also have "dermal denticles" -- little tooth-like scales -- on the outer surface of the body. In many fossil bony fishes, and a few archaic living ones such as the gar (Lepisosteus) from North America, the scales are covered with an enamel-like tissue called "ganoine".

Researchers investigated the genome of Lepisosteus and found that it contains genes for two of our three enamel matrix proteins -- the first to be identified from a ray-finned bony fish. These genes are expressed in the skin.

But where did enamel originate -- in the mouth, in the skin? The answer is provided by two fossil fish species -- Psarolepis from China and Andreolepis from Sweden -- which are both more than 400 million years old. In Psarolepis the scales and the denticles of the face are covered with enamel, but there is no enamel on the teeth. In Andreolepis only the scales carry enamel.


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