Received On: 05/10/2013; Accepted On: 28/10/2013; Published On: 25/11/2013
Author:
Sahu Deepak
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Geetanjali Institute of Pharmacy,
Dabok, Udaipur, Rajasthan – 313022
deepak.sahu.bhl@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:A toxin produced by mold that can damage the liver and may lead to liver cancer. Aflatoxins cause cancer in some animals. The fungi that produce aflatoxin grow on crops such as peanuts (especially) and wheat, corn, beans and rice. Aflatoxin is a problem particularly in undeveloped and developing countries.
Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by two types of mold: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aspergillus flavus is common and widespread in nature and is most often found when certain grains are grown under stressful conditions such as drought. The mold occurs in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains undergoing microbiological deterioration and invades all types of organic substrates whenever and wherever the conditions are favorable for its growth. Favorable conditions include high moisture content and high temperature. At least 13 different types of aflatoxin are produced in nature with aflatoxin B1 considered as the most toxic. While the presence of Aspergillus flavus does not always indicate harmful levels of aflatoxin it does mean that the potential for aflatoxin production is present.
How to cite this article: Sahu D, Naturally Occurring Mycotoxin -Aflatoxin, PharmaTutor, 2013, 1(1), 39-52
REFERENCES:
1. Anon. 1989. Mycotoxins , Economic and Health Risks. Council for Agricultural science and Technology, Report No.116 pp91.
2. Eaton, D.L. and Groopman, J.D. 1994. The Toxicology of Aflatoxins. Academic Press, New York. pp383-426.
3. Finley, J.W.,Robinson, S.F. and Armstrong, D.J. 1992. Food Safety Assessment. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. pp261-275.
4. Goldbatt, L.A. 1969. Aflatoxin. Academic Press,New York. pp1-40.
5. Heathcote, J.G. and Hibbert, J.R. 1978. Aflatoxins : Chemical and biological aspect. Elsevier, New York. pp.173-186.
6. Liener, I.E. 1969. Toxin constituents of plant foodstuffs. Academic Press , New york. pp392-394.
7. Wyllie, T.D. and Morchause,L.G. 1978. Mycotoxin Fungi, Mycotoxins, Mycotoxicoses-An Encyclopedic Handbook.Vols.1,2, and 3.Marcel Dekker, Inc. New york.
8. Mahoney, Noreen; Russell J. Molyneux (14 April 2010). "A Rapid Analytical Method for Determination of Aflatoxins in Plant-Derived Dietary Supplement and Cosmetic Oils". J Agric Food Chem. 58(7): 4065–4070. PMC 2858461.
9. Leong, Y. -H.; Ismail, N.; Latiff, A. A.; Manaf, N. A.; Rosma, A. (1 January 2011). "Determination of aflatoxins in commercial nuts and nut products using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry". World Mycotoxin Journal 4 (2): 119–127. doi:10.3920/WMJ2010.1229.
10. Li, Feng-Qin; Li, Yu-Wei; Wang, Ye-Ru; Luo, Xue-Yun (13 May 2009). "Natural Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Chinese Peanut Butter and Sesame Paste". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57(9): 3519–3524. doi:10.1021/jf804055n.
11. McDaniel, A. (1 January 2011). "Effect of Matrix Clean-Up for Aflatoxin Analysis in Corn and Dried Distillers Grains". Natural Resources 02 (04): 250–257. doi:10.4236/nr.2011.24032.
12. "Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
13. Abbas, Hamed K. (2005). Aflatoxin and Food Safety. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8247-2303-1.
14. F Aguilar, S P Hussain and P Cerutti (September 1993). "Aflatoxin B1 induces the transversion of G-->T in codon 249 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocytes". PNAS 90 (18): 8586–90.
15. Peterson S, Lampe JW, Bammler TK, Gross-Steinmeyer K, Eaton DL (September 2006). "Apiaceous vegetable constituents inhibit human cytochrome P-450 1A2 (hCYP1A2) activity and hCYP1A2-mediated mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1". Food Chem. Toxicol. 44 (9): 1474–84. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.04.010. PMID 16762476.
16. Boonen, Jente; Malysheva, Svetlana V.; Taevernier, Lien; Diana Di Mavungu, José; De Saeger, Sarah; De Spiegeleer, Bart (2012). "Human skin penetration of selected model mycotoxins". Toxicology301 (1–3):21–32. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2012.06.012. PMID 22749975.
17. Machida, M; Gomi, K (editors) (2010). Aspergillus: Molecular Biology and Genomics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-53-0.
18. Fratamico, PM et al. (editors) (2008). Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology and Molecular Biology. Horizon Scientific Press. ISBN 978-1-898486-52-7.
19. Bingham AK, Phillips TD, Bauer JE (March 2003). "Potential for dietary protection against the effects of aflatoxins in animals". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 222 (5): 591–6. PMID 12619837.
20. Bastianello SS, Nesbit JW, Williams MC, Lange AL (December 1987). "Pathological findings in a natural outbreak of aflatoxicosis in dogs". Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54 (4): 635–40.PMID 3444619.
21. FDA Inspection Report-Diamond Gaston SC Plant 12/21/2005-1/19/2006.
22. AKC Standard Article Contaminated Diamond Pet Food Products and 'Best By' Dates Narrowed Akcstandard.com.
23. E. Boutrif, Prevention of aflatoxin in pistachios
24. Aflatoxin M2 product page from Fermentek
25. Smith, John E., Sivewright-Henderson, Rachel; Mycotoxins and animal foods, CRC Press, 1991 p.614 ISBN 978-0-8493-4904-1 (retrieved 19 February 2012 via
26. Dewick, P.M. Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach (2009), 3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 122–124.
27. Singh, R.; Hsieh, D.P.H. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics (1977), 178, 285–292.
28. Yu, J.; Chang, P.K.; Ehrlich, K.C.; Cary, J.W.; Bhatnagar, D.; Cleveland, T.E.; Payne, G.A.; Linz, J.E.; Woloshuk, C.P.; Bennett, J.W. Applied and Environmental Microbiology (2004), 70(3), 1253–1262.
.png)
