Pharmacognosy Articles

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About Authors:
Puneet Sudan*, Swati Sudan, Tapan Behl, Monika Sharma, Rashi Wanchoo Misri
Department of Pharmacognosy,
Doaba College of Pharmacy, Kharar, Punjab
*puneetsudan22@gmail.com

Abstract:
Plant hormones are specialized and very vital chemical substances produced by plants. The chemicals are each grouped together into one of these classes based on their structural similarities and on their effects on plant physiology. Plant stress hormones activate cellular responses, including cell death, to diverse stress situations in plants.

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About Authors:
Pooja Dhiman, Kanika Soni, Sandeep Singh
Chitkara University,
Kalujhanda, Barotiwala,
Solan, Himachal Pradesh, INDIA
pooja.dhiman@chitkarauniversity.edu.in

ABSTRACT:
As a snack, dried fruit is drastically superior to junk foods, such as potato chips, pretzels, candy bars, and other unhealthy indulgences people reach for when they are hungry between meals. Dry fruits are small but are extremely rich sources of minerals and proteins. Every diet specialist always recommends a handful of dry fruits in our diet in order to keep us healthy and fit. There are just umpteen varieties in dry fruits such as raisins, cashew nuts, almonds, pistachios, walnuts, dates, plums and the list goes on.

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About Authors:
Enegide Chinedu*, David Arome, Solomon F. Ameh
Department of Science Laboratory Technology (Physiology & Pharmacology Technology),
University of Jos, Jos Nigeria
*chinex.snow@gmail.com

Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by single-celled obligate parasite known as Plasmodiumand is transmitted to man through the vector Anophelesmosquito. It has persistently been a major public health problem to the global community. As estimate has shown that globally, about 3.3 billion people were at risk of malaria in the year 2011. It has now been ranked among the world's top killer infectious diseases and remains the most prominent cause of death and illness in Africa particularly among pregnant women and children under the age of five years. Due to the development of drug-resistance by the malaria parasites and also the development of resistance to various insecticides by the vector, development of new antimalarial agents is imperative and herbal plants have for long been a major source of new drug discovery. Consequently, in various African countries, several plants have been reported to be having antimalarial effects and are being applied traditionally as antimalarial agents. The purpose of this review article therefore, is to collate and document different plants used traditionally as antimalarials in six African countries (Nigeria, Ghana, Ethopia, Benin, Cameroon and Togo). One hundred and fifteen herbal plants from the six African countries have been captured in this article due to their local usage as antimalarial agents. The array of medicinal plants employed as antimalarial agents in Africa, unveils a promising source for the development of new and better antimalarial drugs. Scientific investigations should therefore be carried-out on them.

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The carom seeds botanical name Trachy spermumammi belong to the family of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), of the genus; Trachyspermum. The Umbellifers are the members of carrot or parsley family, which includes many herbs and spices such as dill, fennel, anise seed, and caraway, is an annual herbal plant growing up to 3 feet in height.  Some of the common names for the seeds are Bishop’s Weed, Ajowan, carom, Caraway and thymol seeds.etc. Carom seeds are ovoid, light brown colour seeds. They have narrow green leaves and small delicate flowers. The fruits pods of these plants are often called seeds for their seed-like appearance. The Carom plants are believed to have originated from Egypt in Middle East. They are widely grown in India, Afghanistan and Iran. These plants can be grown easily from the seeds.Well drained loam soil with a pH between 6.5 and 8.2 is ideal for their cultivation. They grow well in cold temperatures ranging from 15 °C to 25 °C. The plants can grow both in direct and partial sunlight. Relative humidity between 65% and 70 % are required for their proper growth. The umbels are harvested after they are properly matured. Harvesting is done during the later parts of winter or earlier in spring. These seeds are used as a spice in cooking. The umbels of the plant mature and produce the seeds. Ajwain is renowned for their medicinal value. Ajwain seeds are strongly pungent and aromatic in its taste.