Pharmaceutics Articles

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ABOUT AUTHORS:
Deepak Kumar*, Palak Kapoor
Shoolini University,
Solan, Himachal Pradesh
deepakkaushik354@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
The oral delivery of drugs having narrow absorption window in the gastro-intestinal tract is limited by poor bioavailability with conventional dosage forms due to incomplete drug release and short residence time at the time of absorption. To provide controlled delivery of drugs novel drug delivery systems have been developed. Different systems have been developed to increase the gastric residence time viz. floating system, mucoadhesive, high density, expandable. Among all oral dosage forms, liquid orals are more prone to low bioavailability due to fast transit time from stomach to duodenum. Sustained/Controlled delivery can be achieved by decrease in the transit time of the dosage form. This can be augmented by an approach of liquid in-situ gelling system. These in-situ formulations are the drug delivery systems that are in sol form before administration in the body, but when administered, undergo gelation, in-situ, to form a gel. Formation of gel depends on various factors viz. temperature modulation, pH change, presence of ions, ultra-violet irradiation, from which drug releases in a sustained and controlled fashion. Different polymers which can be used for formation of in-situ gel include gellan gum, alginic acid, xyloglucan, pectin, chitosan, poly-caprolactone, poly-lactic acid, poly-lactic-co-glycolide. This article presents a detailed review of introduction, approaches to achieve in situ gelling system, polymers used, evaluation parameters, advantages of in situ gelling system.

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About Authors:
Patel Rahul R.*, Dr Kanu R Patel, Dr Mukesh R Patel
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Shri B.M.Shah College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
Dhansura Road College campus Modasa,
Dist:- Arvali. Pin code:- 383315 Gujarat, (india)
rahulrpatel21089@yahoo.com

Abstract
Micro emulsion based Gel formulation provides better application property and stability & makes it dual control release system in comparison to cream and ointment. Topical Microemulsion based gel drug administration is a localized drug delivery system anywhere in the body through ophthalmic, rectal, vaginal and skin as topical routes. Many advantages of gels a major limitation is in the delivery of hydrophobic drugs. So to overcome this limitation an Microemulsion based approach is being used so that even a hydrophobic therapeutic moiety can enjoy the unique properties of gels. Whenever, it is used for fungal disease for topical delivery system, it is good for compare to oral delivery. When gels and Micro emulsions are used in combined form the dosage form are referred as Microemulsion based gel. Skin is one of the most extensive and readily accessible organs on human body for topical administration and is main route of topical drug delivery system. It is prepared by mixing an oil-in-water type or water-in-oil type emulsion with a gelling agent.The use of Micro emulsion based gels can be extended in analgesics and antifungal drugs.

ABOUT AUTHORS:
Harsh Vyas¹*, Tulsi Upadhyay¹, Nirali Thakkar¹, Kruti Patel¹, Umesh Upadhyay²,
¹Students, ²Faculty of pharmacy
Sigma Institute of Pharmacy,
Bakrol, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
*vyas123harsh@gmail.com, tulsiupadhyay90@gmail.com

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ABSTRACT:
Nanocochleate is a novel lipid based drug delivery system offering systemic and oral delivery of various charged drug molecules. It is formed by negatively charged lipid bilayer. Nanocochleate can encapsulate drugs which are hydrophobic, positively charged, negatively charged and poor orally bioavailable. It is also very much beneficial for oral absorption for peptide drugs that possess a net positive charge. Nanocochleate is beneficial for molecules having binding sites inside the cell. The property that nanocochleates can facilitate cross membrane diffusion for charged and impermeable molecules finds wide application in drug delivery. Nanocochleate have been proven better than liposomes and more compatible with body environment. They differ from liposomes by its structure and compatibility to the body. Liposomes are lipid bilayer with aqueous inner environment and unlike liposomes nanocochleates are having charged lipid bilayer without aqueous environment and are multilayer lipid matrix i.e. Cochleate.

Various methods of its formulation, structure, merits demerits and wide range of application are described in this article.

About Author:
Anitha Nidadavolu
Department of Industrial Pharmacy
Chalapathi Institute of Pharmceutical Sciences
Chalapathi Nagar, Lam, Guntur-522034,
Andhra Pradesh, India.
anitha058@gmail.com
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Abstract:
In the present study, an attempt was made to develop and characterize once daily sustained release pellets of highly water soluble drug Venlafaxine Hydrochloride, which is an antidepressant of serotonin-nor epinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). Compatibility studies by FTIR spectroscopy observed Venlafaxine HCl was compatible with all the excipients used. These pellets were prepared in three stages. In drug loading stage (powder layering technique with pan coater), drug was loaded on non-pareil sugar spheres by using Mannitol, Microcrystalline powder (MCCP) as diluents and PVP K30 as binder. The concentration of Venlafaxine HCl was kept constant. Four preliminary batches of drug loaded pellets prepared by varying concentrations of disintegrant Crospovidone INF-10 (D1- D4) i.e. 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, 6%. Optimized formulation was selected based on percentage yield, drug content (assay) and found D3- 4.5% as best. In barrier coating stage(wurster process with fluidized bed coater) drug loaded pellets of D3 were coated by different concentrations of film former HPMC E3 (B1- B3) i.e.4%, 6%, 8%. Among them, B2- 6% found as best. In SR coating stage (wurster process with fluidized bed coater) barrier pellets of B2 were coated by varying concentrations of release rate retarding polymer Ethyl cellulose EC 7 cps (S1- S4) i.e. 2%, 5%, 6%, 8%. These EC (S1- S4) formulations were characterized fordrug content (assay), particle size distribution, friability,flow properties, surface morphology (SEM) and dissolution profile.In vitro dissolution studies were carried out by USP dissolution apparatus Type-II and compared with innovator Effexor XR^®. Among all formulations S4(8%) was best, followed first order kinetics and found to release the drug over a sustained period of time up to 24 hrs. The release exponent (n values) for all found in the range of n > 1, indicated that the drug transport mechanism by super case-II transport. The optimized S4 formulation was found as pharmaceutically equivalent to innovator due to similarity (f2 =77.77) in drug release profile. As per ICH guidelines, accelerated stability studies conducted and there was no significant difference in physicochemical parameters (p < 0.05), indicated that the optimized S4 formulation was stable.

About Authors:
^1*Neeraj Kumar Lohani, ²Vachaspati Mishra, ³Divakar Joshi
^1,2Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Education and Research, Mangalayatan University, Beswan, Aligarh-Uttar Pradesh, india,
³MBPG College Haldwani Nainital Kumaun University Nainital Uttarakhand.
neerajlohani06@gmail.com
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ABOUT AUTHORS:
Surya Pratap Singh^*, Meenakshi Sahetya¹, Mahaveer Prasad khichi^1*, Yogesh Yaduwanshi^2
1Department of pharmaceutics, Kota college of pharmacy
²Department of pharmacology, Kota college of pharmacy,
Rajasthan, India
*sp.kota91@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to focus on drug delivery system developing by such polyelectrolytes and most focused on targeting of  drugs to specific sites have aroused as revolution in pharmaceutical  field, thereby, giving rise to drug  delivery systems. Polymers have gained much importance indrug delivery especially those which respond in some desired way to change in pH, temperature, electric or magnetic field. For this reason they are very frequently and extensively used as excipients in design and advancement of controlled and/or sustained release products. The scope of polymers used in dosage form design can be increased by several approaches such as modification of their chemical structure, by combining different polymers in physical mixtures or by formation of polymer-polymer associations such as polyelectrolyte complexes.

About Authors:
Kambham Venkateswarlu*, Kutagulla Ashna, Nandamuri Manideepika, Shaik Shaheena Parveen, M.G.Vasantharekha
M.Pharm Scholar, Department Of Pharmaceutics,
JNTUA-Oil Technological Research Institute,
Beside Collector Office, Anantapur, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India
k.v.reddy9441701016@gmail.com

Abstract:
A tablet is a pharmaceutical dosage form. It comprises a mixture of active substances and excipients, usually in powder form, pressed or compacted from a powder into a solid dose. The excipients can include diluents, binders or granulating agents, glidants (flow aids) and lubricants to ensure efficient tableting; disintegrants to promote tablet break-up in the digestive tract; sweeteners or flavors to enhance taste; pigments to make the tablets visually attractive. A polymer coating is often is often applied to make the tablet smoother and easier to swallow, to control the release rate of the active ingredients, to make it more resistant to the environment or to enhance the tablet’s appearance.
These FDTs will give the better merits when compared to existing conventional dosage forms. This system has a better compliance in the case of geriatrics and pediatrics.