A REVIEW ON ANALGESIC HERBALS

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ABOUT AUTHORS
Nilima A. Thombre*, Swati Madhukar Gaikwad, Kanchan Subhash Chaudhari
MET’S Institute of Pharmacy, Adgaon, Nashik, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT:
Analgesics are the substances which are used in pain, without losing consciousness. The word analgesic derives from Greek an- ("without") and algos ("pain"). Analgesic drugs act in various form on the central nervous systems and peripheral nervous system. Various sources of analgesic drugs synthetic analgesic and natural analgesic, natural analgesics like opoid analgesics, Aloevera Barbedensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Zingiber Officinale, Eugenia caryophyllata, Cinnamomum camphora, Matricaria pubescens etc. This review gives information about different analgesic obtained from natural sources.

Reference Id: PHARMATUTOR-ART-2657

INTRODUCTION:
Pain is defined by the International Association for the study of Pain (IASP) as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage”. Pain can be divided into two types according to duration acute and chronic pain, in chronic pain duration of time more than 6 months and in acute pain less than 6 months.
1. ACUTE PAIN: Acute pain “is arise due to damage to the tissue. Acute pain is short-term or can be easily identify pain causes. Pain occurs due to inflammation and inflammation occurs due to damage of tissue or nervous, nervous damage due to surgery, cancer, infection, cancer, fracture, diabetes and chemotherapy.
2. CHRONIC PAIN: Chronic pain these are long-term pain. Chronic pain intermittent and is generally difficult to treat and harder than acute pain.
• Nocireceptors: These are pain receptors located outside to the spinal column in the dorsal root ganglion. These sensory nerves endings seem to be branches of small bushes(1).
• Analgesic these are the agents which are used to relieve pain without loss of consciousness. Analgesic is Greek word an (“without”) and algos (“pain”). Analgesic agents act various form central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
• Prostaglandins are formed from cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) enzymes. Cyclooxygenase 2 enzyme is secreted from damaged cells and produce pain sensation associating through the receptors connected to G-proteins and increasing amount of CAMP in the cells .Nowadays use non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs to control the pain. Their analgesic action is produced fast but their side effect is main disadvantage using them(1). These drugs causes stomach dysfunction, pruritus, blurred vision, Dizziness, skin rash, and liver damage .Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are more expensive. To minimize their side effects and costs researches are looking to natural medicines obtained from herbs.
• Herbal active pharmaceutical ingredients lowering pain sensation include volatile oils (monoterpenes and sesquiterpene), Coumarin, alkaloid ingredients, organic acids, glycoside steroids, Limonenes, Cineols, Saponins, Phenol ingredients such as Thymol and Carvacrol, flavonoids, Quercetin (Theken, 2018).
• Herb containing flavonoids performed many effects by blocking the cyclooxigenase enzyme, tannins. The chemical constitute iridoid and flavonoid in extracts of herb is responsible for analgesic activity.  Monoterpene ingredients linalool presence in cinnamon extract that act on pain receptors and produce an analgesic action. Phenols like eugenol block calcium from into the cell and thus loss the pain sensation. In rhizome gingergengerol is active chemical constituent it has strong activity to inhibiting prostaglandins. And produced mechanisms that lower vascular permeability and induce of pain mediators, is the main analgesic agent of ginger herb. Analgesic activity of ziziphoraclinopodioiedes obtained from the Lamiaceae family that produced analgesic activity by inhibiting acid and prostaglandins synthesis and arachidonic affecting opioids (Zafar, 2010).

Figure -1 Source of analgesic drugs

1. Synthetic drugs: various drugs have analgesic activity like paracetacetamol, diclofenac, NSAIDs, ibuprofen, cox-2 inhibiters etc.
2. Natural analgesic drugs: many herbs having analgesic activity which is obtained from nature. This are as follows:

A. Opioid Analgesics: Opioids drugs are narcotics derived from Opium. Opium is obtained from the dried latex of the opium poppy, (Biological source: Papaver somniferum). Opioids are drug which act on opioid receptors in the (CNS) central nervous system & opioids used as analgesic activity. Opioids used in chronic diseases like cancer to relieve sever pain.

B. Other herbal analgesic (Hebbes, 2016):
i. Aloevera Barbedensis: Aloe Vera gel extract is used. Aloevera produced anti- inflammatory action by inhibits the cyclooxygenase enzyme and decrease prostaglandin E2 secreation from arachidonic acid. The new anti-inflammatory compound called C-glucosyl chromone was isolated from gel extracts (Abel, 1995).

Figure 2: aloevera gel.

ii. GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA (Ahmad et al., 1993, Noori et al., 2018):
Liquorice root (rhizome) commercial extracts of glycyrrhizin in ammonium salt and G. glabra alcoholic extract which produced of four active ingredients: hydroglia aspirin C and dehydrogol aspirin D, glycaemia coumarin glycerin. Other ingredients of Liquorice are flavonoids, coumrins, amino acids, esteroles, Liquiritin, formononetin, starch, Saccharides, resin, oil essences, and saponins. This herb is anti-inflammatory activity.

Figure 3: Liquorice root

iii. GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE (Ahmad et al., 1993, Karthika et al., 2018): Ginger rhizome extract is used in joint swelling. It was reported that ginger relieve pain and relieve swelling in patients with rheumatoid arthritis osteoarthritis as well as those with muscular pain without cause of any adverse reaction during a period ranging from 3 months to 2.5 years The main aim to study ability of Ginger-juice used as analgesia. ginger active constituents blocked arachidonic acid metabolism cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipooxygenase (LOX) pathways.

Figure 4: Ginger rhizome.

iv. CLOVE (EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA(Winterbottom, 2014, kokate,1993):      
Part of plant use: flower buds.
Family: Myrtaceae.
Extraction of clove buds can be used aqueous and organic solvent like ethanol.
Chemical constituents of clove: Eugenol, methyl salicylate, acetyeugenol, pinene, vanillin. Eugenol mainly shows the analgesic activity.

Figure 5: Clove buds.

v. CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA (Joker, 2000):
Family: Lauraceae.
Chemical constituents: camphor, linalool, safrole, nerolidol, borneol.
Parts used: wood and root.

Figure 6 : cinnamomum camphora.

vi. MATRICARIA  PUBESCENS (Metrouh and Amir, 2018) :
Family: Asteraceae
Extraction process: whole plant collected sample air dried and grind to fine powder, powder is extracted with 100mL of methanol using soxhlet apparatus for 6 h. filtration of extract, dry it.
Chemical constituents: essential oil isochrysanthemic acid, ethyl ester, spathulenol,  α-cadinol, gerany lisovalerate, M. matricarioides essential oil has been found to contain geranyl isovalerateas a major component of the essential oil, which is studied for its analgesic effect(Metrouh and Amir, 2018).

Figure 7: Matricaria pubescens

vii.WRIGHTIA TINCTORIA (Aleykutty et al, 2005.):
Family: Apocynaceae.
Part use: leaves.
Chemical constituents:
carbohydrates, amino acids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, sterols, tannins and phenolics.

viii. OCIMUM SANCTUM (Dubey and Pandey, 2018. Singh and Majumdar, 1995. Pandey and,Madhuri, 2010.):
Part use: plant, leaves, seeds.
Family: Labiatae
Chemical constituents: Eugenol, Ursolic Acid, essential oil, methyl
Eugenol.
MOA: Inhibition of prostaglandins, histamine and acetylcholine.

CONCLUSION: 
ANALGESIC DRUGS WHICH ARE USE EITHER NARCOTIC OR NON-NARCOTICS. ANALGESICS HAVE SIDE EFFECTS INCLUDING RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION, ABUSE, DEPENDENCE ETC.  NATURAL ANALGESIC USED IN CHRONIC AND ACUTE PAIN. IT HAS MINIMUM ABUSE POTENTIAL AND RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION. NATURAL ANALGESIC IS WELL TOLERATED BY ELDERLY PATIENTS. LONGER USED OF NATURAL ANALGESIC SHOULD BE SAFE NO CAUSES ANY SERIOUS EFFECTS. THIS REVIEW GIVES IDEA ABOUT VARIOUS NATURAL ANALGESICS WHICH USED FOR ANALGESIC ACTIVITY

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