About Authors:
Sumana Majumdar
M.Pharm(Pharmacology)
Department of Pharmacology
NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata Group of Institution,
124 B.L. Saha Road, Kolkata –700053, West Bengal, India.
sumana.majumder03@gmail.com
Abstract
Herbal medicines derived from medicinal plants are used by about 60% of the world’s population. This review focuses on some medicinally rich plants used in the treatment of diabetes worldwide. Diabetes is an important metabolic disorder and at present, approximately 18-20 million people are diabetic in India. Diabetic complications like nephropathy, retinopathy, coronary artery disease, stroke, Peripheral vascular disease etc are affected more rapidly not in mega-city but also urban area in India. Cost of the treatment of these complications are also hiked day by day. Insulin and Oral hypoglycemic agents which are marketed for diabetes are costly than herbal medicine and it is very difficult to bear for urban people. In this paper medicinal plants with proven antidiabetic and related beneficial effects used in treatment of diabetes are discussed. These Plants are Emblica officinalis ,Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum, Annona squamosa, Aegle marmelos, Elephantopus scaber, Musa Paradisiaca, Andrographis Paniculata, Mangifera indica.
REFERENCE ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-2002
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a systemic metabolic disease by the abnormality of carbohydrate metabolism which is linked to low blood insulin level or insensitivity of target organs to insulin. This disease is characterized by hyperglecemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperaminoacidemia and hypoinsulinaemia which leads to decrease in both insulin secretion and insulin action. Diabetes mellitus is mainly two types, Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) but another type is gestational diabetes. This metabolic disease is frequently associated with the development of micro and macro vascular diseases which include neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (Maiti et al., 2004). Despite considerable progress in the treatment of diabetes by oral hypoglycemic agents, search for newer drugs continues because the existing synthetic drugs have several limitations. It is estimated that more than 300 million people in the world will have diabetes by the year 2025.At presently, approximately 18-20 million people are diabetic in India, and it is projected that by 2025 there will be 20-60 million diabetics in India, and it will have the second largest number of diabetics in the world (Bhoyar et al., 2012). Plants and human have strong relationship from prehistoric age either for Food or Home or drug. Ancient man tried to restore to health from diseases by plant’s parts growing around him. The different medicinal characters of plants were learnt by trial and error method. Siddha, Unani and Ayurveda are very well traditional practice in India and Nepal for more than 2000 years ago. Many European countries and organizations like National Institute of Health (NIH), USA, and World Health Organization (WHO) have recognized ayurveda as an alternative and complementary medicine. Science has deep knowledge of physical and biological structure of human body; whereas traditional knowledge systems have a holistic knowledge of the physical and spiritual fields that pervade nature (Bailey et al., 1989). Modern science has deep knowledge of physical and biological structure of human body, whereas Ayurveda system deals with the role of mind and consciousness in health and disease states. Recently Ayurveda plays an important role as alternative medicine due to fewer side effects than oral hypoglycemic agents and low cost. The ethnobotanical information reports about 1000 plants that may possess antidiabetic potential (RJ et al.,1995) .The active principles present in medicinal plants have been reported to possess pancreatic beta cells re-generating, insulin releasing and fighting the problem of insulin resistance(Kavishankar et al.,2011). This review article enumerates some medicinal plants possessing hypoglycemic properties and elucidating their family, common name, parts used, chemistry and other pharmacological activity of some plants such as Emblica officinalis, Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum, Annona squamosa, Aegle marmelos, Elephantopus scaber, Musa Paradisiaca, Andrographis Paniculata, Mangifera indica.
[adsense:468x15:2204050025]
Important Medicinal Plants having Antidiabetic Potential:
Emblica officinalis(Amlaki)
Family-Euphorbiaceae.
Common Name-Dhatriphala, Amla, Amaliki, Amalakan, Sriphalam, Vayastha(Sanskrit) An Mole(Chinese), Popok Melaka(Malaysian), Mirabolano emblico(Portuguese), Phyllanthus Emblica or Indian gooseberry.
Parts used-Dried fruits, Fresh fruit, seed, leaves, root, bark, flowers.
Geological source-It grows in tropical and subtropical regions including Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Srilanka, South East Asia, China and Malaysia.
Chemistry
Emblica officinaliscontains tannins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, amino acids and carbohydrates.Its fruit juice contains the highest vitamin C (478.56mg/100 mL). The fruit when blended with other fruits boosted their nutritional quality in terms of vitamin C content (Jain et al., 2004). Amla contains gallic acid, ellagic acid, 1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose, 3,6-di-O-galloyl-Dglucose, chebulinic acid, quercetin, chebulagic acid,corilagin, 1,6-di-O - galloyl beta D glucose, 3 Ethylgallic acid (3 ethoxy 4,5 dihydroxy benzoic acid) and isostrictiniin (Zhang et al.,2003). Phyllanthus emblica also contains flavonoids, kaempferol 3 O alpha L (6'' methyl) rhamnopyranoside and kaempferol 3 O alpha L(6''ethyl) rhamnopyranoside (Habibur et al.,2007). A new acylated apigenin glucoside (apigenin 7 O (6'' butyryl beta glucopyranoside) was isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaves of Phyllanthus emblica together with the known compounds; gallic acid, methyl gallate, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloylglucose and luteolin-4'-Oneohesperiodoside were also reported (El-Desouky et al.,2008).
Pharmacological Study on Diabetes
Oral administration of the extract (100mg/kg body weight) can reduce blood sugar level in normal as well as alloxan (120mg/kg body weight) induce diabetic rats within 4 hours. It also has power to delay the development of diabetic cataract in rats (Suryanarayan, et al., 2007). It also has important inhibitory activity on Aldose reductase (AR) enzyme which has an ability to produce post diabetic complications(Suryanarayan et al., 2004).
Pharmacology
It has its beneficial role in cancer, diabetis, liver disease, heart trouble, ulcer, anemia. Similarly, it has application as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antipyretic, analgesic, cytoprotective, antitussive and gastroprotective. Additionally, it is useful in memory enhancing, ophthalmic disorders and lowering cholesterol level. It is also helpful in neutralizing snake venom and as an antimicrobial. ( Khan.,2009).
Herbal Dosage form & Dose
It is used as Amalaki capsules as dose of 1 capsule/ twice a day before meal. It is often used in the form of Triphla churna.
Azadirachta indica(Neem)
Family Meliaceae
CommonName- Neem, Nim(Bengali,Hindi,Assamese), Azad-darakhul-hind(Arabic), Baypay(Malaysia), Crackjack,Chinaberry(English), Grossblaettiger zedrach(French)
Parts used -Leaf, Bark, Flower, Fruit, Twig, Gum, Seed, pulp.
Geological source
It is obtained in India, Burma, Pakistan, SriLanka and Bangladesh growing in tropical and semi-tropical regions. Neem tree is the official tree of the Sindh Province and is very common in all cities of Sindh. Neem trees also grow in islands in the southern part of Iran where it is called "Cherish" or Azad derakht in Persian.
Chemistry
More than 135 compounds have been isolated from different parts of Neem. The compounds have been divided into two major classes: isoprenoids and others. The isoprenoids include diterpenoids and triterpenoids containing protomeliacins, limonoids, azadirone and its derivatives, gedunin and its derivatives, vilasinin type of compounds and Csecomeliacins such as nimbin, salanin and azadirachtin. The nonisoprenoids include proteins (amino acids) and carbohydrates (polysaccharides), sulphurous compounds, polyphenolics such as flavonoids and their glycosides, dihydrochalcone, coumarin and tannins, aliphatic compounds, etc. Main constituents are Nimbidin(Anti-inflammatory, Antiarthritic, Antipyretic, Hypoglycaemic, Antigastric, ulcer, Spermicidal, Antifungal, Antibacterial, Diuretic), Sodium nimbidate(Anti-inflammatory) Nimbin(Spermicidal), Nimbolide, Gedunin, Azadirachtin, Mahmoodin , Gallic acid , (–) epicatechin and catechin, Margolone, margolonone and isomargolonone, NB-II peptidoglycan (Immunomodulatory) ( Kraus,1995 ; Devakumar,1996).
Pharmacological Study on Diabetes
Aqueous extract of neem leaves significantly decreases blood sugar level and prevents adrenaline as well as glucose-induced hyperglycaemia. The aqueous leaf extract when orally fed, also produces hypoglycaemia in normal rats and decreased blood glucose levels in experimentally-induced diabetes in rats. Aqueous leaf extract also reduces hyperglycaemia in streptozotocin diabetes and the effect is possibly due to presence of a flavonoid, quercetin . A significant hypoglycaemic effect was also observed by feeding neem oil to fasting rabbits24. Recently, hypoglycaemic effect was observed with leaf extract and seed oil, in normal as well as alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits (Khosla et al., 2000).
Pharmacology
Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities, Immunostimulant activity, Antiulcer effect, Antifertility effect, Antimalarial activity, Antifungal activity, Antibacterial activity, Antiviral activity, Anticarcinogenic activity, Hepatoprotective activity, Effect on central nervous system, Antioxidant activity( Biswas et al.,2002).
Herbal Dosage form & Dose
Each capsule contains freeze dried powder of Neem 200 mg. Adult dose 1-2 capsules in morning and evening after meals. Dose of Children - (5-10 years) 1 capsule morning & evening with milk.
NOW YOU CAN ALSO PUBLISH YOUR ARTICLE ONLINE.
SUBMIT YOUR ARTICLE/PROJECT AT articles@pharmatutor.org
Subscribe to Pharmatutor Alerts by Email
FIND OUT MORE ARTICLES AT OUR DATABASE
Allium sativum(Garlic)
Family Liliaceae
Common Name- Garlic (eng), Lasan (Guj), Lasun (Hindi), Lashuna (Sanskrit).
Parts used - Ripe Bulbs.
Geological Source-It grows in Central Asia, Southern Europe, USA, and India.
Chemistry
The main chemical constituent of intact garlic is the amino acid alliin, an alkyl derivative of cysteine alkyl sulfoxide, which may varies from 0.2 to 2.0% fresh weight(Tripathi .,2009). it contains a wealth of sulphur compounds; most important for the taste is Allicin, which is produced enzymatic from allin. It also contains phosphorus, iron & copper. Volatile oil of the drug is the chief active constituent, and contains allyl propyl disulphide, diallyl disulphide, alliin and allicin. It also contain 65% water, 28% carbohydrate, 2.3% organosulphur compound, 2% proteins,12% free amino acid(mainly arginine) , 1.5% fiber, 0.15% lipids, 0.08% phytic acid, 0.07% saponins(Rangari et al., 2007).
Pharmacological Study on Diabetes
S-allyl cystein sulfoxide (SACS), the precursor of Allicin and garlic oil, is a sulfur containing amino acid, which controlled lipid peroxidation better than glibenclamide and insulin. It also improved diabetic conditions. SACS also stimulated in vitro insulin secretion from beta cells isolated from normal rats (Eidi et al., 2005.).
Pharmacology
It is use in the treatment of sickle cell anemia, antimicrobial, antithrombotic, hypolipidemic, Antihypertensive, antiarthritic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant activity and antitumor activity (Tripathi.,2009).
Herbal Dosage form & Dose
Juice extract of garlic is used. Juice extract- 50 ml / daily.
Annona squamosa Linn(Sugar apple)
Family- Annonaceae
Common Name- Custard apple, sugar apple, sweet après in english, & sharifa in hindi,Ata in Bengali & sitaphalam in telugu in india & corossolier & cailleux, pommier cannelle in French.
Parts used –Fruits, Leaves, Root, and Stems.
Geological Source-It is commonly found in India & cultivated in Thailand & originates from the West Indies & South America (Baumer 1995).
Chemistry
The plant is reported to contain glycoside, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, amino acids .The various chemical constituents isolated from leaves, stems and roots of the plant including anonaine, aporphine, coryeline, isocorydine, norcorydine, glaucine. Leaves contains 4-(2-nitro-ethyl 1)-1-6-((6-o-β-D-xylopyranosy1-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-oxy) benzene, Anonaine, Benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline, Borneol, Camphene, Camphor, car-3-ene, Carvone, β-Caryphyllene, Eugenol, Farnesol, Geraniol, 16-Hetriacontanone, Hexacontanol, Higemamine, Isocorydine, Limonine, Linalool acetate, Menthone, Methyl anthranilate, Methylsalicylate, Methylheptenone, p-(hydroxybenzyl)-6,7-(2-hydroxy,4-hydro)isoquinoline, n-Octacosanol, a-Pinene, b-Pinene, Rutin, Stigmasterol, β-Sitosterol, hymol and n-Triacontanol. Alkaloids, proteins & amino acids are absent in the leaf extract (Patel et al., 2008).
Pharmacological Study on Diabetes
The antihyperglycemic activity of the Aqeous. Extract of Annona squamosa roots was comparable with glibenclamide, a standard hypoglycaemic drug ( Mujeeb et al.,2009). The ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa Linn leaves posses considerable hypoglycemic activity in normal rats. The dose of 350 mg/kg body weight reduced the fasting blood glucose level by 6.0% within 1 h, whereas, the peak blood glucose at 1 h during glucose tolerance test was reduced by 17.1% in normal rats. Treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits for 15 days with a dose of 350 mg/kg of extract reduces fasting blood glucose by 52.7 % and urine sugar by 75%. The dose of 350 mg/kg body weight of ethanolic extract in 10-day treatment of a group of STZ-diabetic rats produced 73.3% fall in FBG level and no sugar was observed in fasting urine. (Gupta et al., 2005). An aqueous extract of A. squamosa leaves found to lower considerable fasting plasma glucose level in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats. The findings of the study support the antidiabetic claims of A. squamosa( Shirwaikar et al.,2004).
Pharmacology
Annona squamosa Linn is used as an antioxidant, Antibacterial activity, Antidiabetics, hepatoprotective, Antihyperlipidemic Activity, Antimicrobial activity, Antithyroidic activity, Molluscicidal activity, Antiplasmodial activity, Vasorelaxant activity, Anti-platelet activity, Anti-inflammatory activity, Antifertility activity, Antiviral activity, Anthelmintic activity, Chemoprevantive & Antilipidperoxidative, cytotoxicactivity, genetoxicity, antitumour activity, antilice agent, Insecticidal Activity, Mosquitocidal activity, Pesticidal activity(Pandey et al.,2011).
Herbal Dosage form & Dose
Annona squamosa Powder and Annona squamosa extract and oil is used.
Aegle marmelos(Bael)
Family- Rutaceae
CommonName- Bel, Beli(Hindi&Bengali) Shivaphala(Sanskrit), Vilvama(Tamil), Marredy(Malyalam).
Parts used –Unripe or half ripe fruits
Geological Source- The Bael tree has its origin from Eastern Ghats and central India. It is also found in tropical and a subtropical region of india.Bael is found growing along foothills of himalayas, Uttaranchal, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, East coast.
Chemistry
The chief constituent of the drug is marmelosinn ( 0.5%) which is a furocoumarin. Other coumarins are marmesin, psoralin, umbelliferone. The drug also contains carbohydrate, protein, volatile oil & tannins. The pulp also contains good amount of vitamin A & C. Two alkaloids , O-methylhalfordinol & isopentylhalfordinol has been isolated from fruits. It’s leaves contained γ-sitosterol, aegelin, lupeol,rutin, marmesinin, β-sitosterol, flavones, glycoside, Oisopentenyl halfordiol,marmeline and phenyethyl cinnamamides. Leaves of bael contains alkaloids like halfordino, ethylcinnamamide, phenylcinnamide, anhydromarmeline, aegelinosides A and B. Phenylpropenoids are included hydroxycoumarins,phenylpropenes and lignans. It also contains Tannins like skimmianine and contains small amount of carotenoids(Patel et al.,2012).
Pharmacological Study on Diabetes
A significant decrease in liver glycogen of diabetic rats is reversed to almost the normal level by the leaf extract and it also decreases the blood urea and serum cholesterol. A similar effect is seen with insulin treatment and the results indicate that the active principle in A. marmelos leaf extract has similar hypoglycemic activity to insulin treatment (Ponnachan et al.,1993).The hypoglycemic effect of water extract of the fruits of Aegle marmelos was examined in streptozotocin induce diabetic wistar rats.the effect of the extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg-1 was more effective than glibenclamide (Kamalakkannan et al.,2003).
Pharmacology
Pharmacological activity of leaves- Contractile activity, Anti-microfilarial activity,Analgesic Activity,Anti Inflammatory,Antipyretic, Analgesic activity,Anti ulcer activity,Anticonvulsant activity,Antidepressent,Anxiolytic acitivity,Antifertility activity,Antifungal activity,Hepatoprotective activity,Radioprotective activity,Hypolipidemic activity,Immunomodulatory activity.Pharmacological activity of fruits- Hypoglycemic Activity. Pharmacological activity of Seed- Hypoglycemic activity, Antifungal activity (Patel et al.,2012)
Herbal Dosage form & Dose
Aegle marmelos is used as aqueous decoction & aqueous leaf extract. Aqueous decoction- 1 ml/ 100 mg, Aqueous leaf extract- 1 gm/ kg/BW.
Elephantopusscaber(Elephant’s foot)
Family- Asteraceae
Common Name-Prickly Leaved, Elephant’s Foot, Hindi-Samdudri, Bengali-Hasti pod.
Parts use- Whole plant, Leaves, Root.
Geological source-It is Native to East Tropical Africa, West-Central Tropical Africa, South Tropical Africa, China, Japan, Indian Subcontinent(Central Eastern Ghats region), Malaysia, Australia, Philippines.
Chemistry
Phytochemical constituents of Elephantopusscaber L. have been reported as sesquiterpene lactones, elephantopin and scabertopin (Paul, et al., 1997), epofriedelinol, lupeol and stigomasterol(Kirtikar et al.,1991). It is also contained Terpenoids and 2,6,23 –trienolide compounds which is a potential candidate of diabetes(Daisy et al.,2007).
Pharmacological Study on Diabetes
Hypoglycemic effect of E.Scaber was introduced by alloxan in male wistar albino rats. Oral administration of aqueous extract of Elephantopus Scaber leaves (300mg/kg body weight) and roots (300mg/kg body weight) for 84 days significantly reduced serum glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin and activity of glucose-6-phosphatase but increase serum insulin,liver and skeletal muscle glycogen activity(Modilal et al.,2011).The antidiabetic property of plants shows their mechanisms by improving insulin sensitivity,augmenting glucosedependent insulin secretion and stimulating the regeneration of islets of langerhans in pancreas of STZ- induced diabetic rats(Sezik et al.,2005).
Pharmacology
The leaves of the plant were known to be used for fever, elimination of bladder stone, diuretic, bronchitis, small pox, diarrhea, stomach pain,liver tonic and as a brain tonic (Reico .,78-79) anti inflammatory and antitumor activity (Sankar et al.,2011.)The roots of Elephantopus scaber were broadly used as an antipyretic, cardio tonic, haemorrhoids and diuretic. Leaves of Elephantopus Scaber shows antimicrobial activity more than root(Kumar et al.,2012).The aqueous extract of leaves is applied externally to treat eczema and ulcers.( Chopra et al.,1956).The methanolic extract of root of E. scaber shows antioxidant activity and antihepatotoxic activity(Sheeba et al.,2012).
Herbal Dosage form & Dose
Elephantopus Scaber extract is use as food for supplement (Thiland).
NOW YOU CAN ALSO PUBLISH YOUR ARTICLE ONLINE.
SUBMIT YOUR ARTICLE/PROJECT AT articles@pharmatutor.org
Subscribe to Pharmatutor Alerts by Email
FIND OUT MORE ARTICLES AT OUR DATABASE
Musa Paradisiacal(Banana)
Family- Musaceae.
Common Name- Banana, Pisang.
Parts used-Seed,fruit.Leaves.
Geological Source- It is mostly abundant in Asian, IndoMalaysian and Australian tropics and is now widely found throughout the tropical and subtropical countries. India, Bangladesh, Philippines, China, Ecuador, Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia, Thailand (Rahman ., 2003).
Chemistry- Serotonin, nor-epinephrine, tryptophan, indole compounds, tannin, starch, iron, crystallisable and non-crystallisable sugars, Pectin,vitamin C, B-vitamins, albuminoids, fats, mineral salts have been found in the fruit pulp of M. paradisiacal (Ghani, 2003).Several flavonoids and related compounds (Leucocyanidin, quercetin and its 3-Ogalactoside, 3-O-glucoside, and 3-O-rhamnosyl glucoside) were isolated from the unripe pulp (Lewis et al., 1999; Lewis and Shaw, 2001; Ragasa et al., 2007).Cellulose, hemicelluloses, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine, valine, phenylalanine and threonine have been isolated from pulp and peel of M. paradisiaca (Ketiku, 1973; Emaga et al., 2007). Hemiterpenoid glucoside,syringin, roseoside, benzyl alcohol glucoside, (24R)-4α,l4 α,24-trimethyl-Sacholesta-8,25(27)-dien-3β-o1 have been isolated from flower of M. paradisiaca (Duita et al., 1983; Martin et al., 2000). Acyl steryl glycosides such as sitoindoside-I-IV, and steryl glycosides such as sitosterol gentiobioside, sitosterol myo-inosityl-β-D-glucoside have been isolated from fruits of M. paradisiaca (Ghoshal., 1985). It also contained L-tryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptamine, Syringin, 7, 8-dihydroxy-3-methyl isochroman-4-one.
Pharmacological Study on Diabetes
The green fruit of M. paradisiaca has been reported to have hypoglycemic effect due to stimulation of insulin production and glucose utilization (Ojewole and Adewunmi, 2003). Its high potassium (K) and sodium (Na) content has been correlated with the glycemic effect (Rai et al., 2009). Fibers from M. paradisiaca fruit increased glycogenesis in the liver and lowered fasting blood glucose (Usha et al., 1989). Antihyperglycemic effect of the hydromethanolic extract of M. paradisiaca root has been found significant (Mallick et al., 2006; Mallick et al., 2007). M. paradisiaca stem juice showed hyperglycemicactivity.
Pharmacology
Antidiarrhoeal activity, Antiulcer activity, Antimicrobial activity, Hypocholesterolaemic activity, Antihypertensive activity, Effect in atherosclerosis, Antioxidant activity, Diuretic activity, Wound healing activity, Anti-allergic activity, Antimalarial activity, Anti-snake venom activity, Mutagenecity(Imam et al.,2011).
Herbal Dosage form & Dose
Musa Paradisiacal extract and banana leaves extract are used.
Andrographis paniculataNees.l (Kalmegh)
Family: Rutaceae
Common name- Kalmegh(Hindi), chuan xin Man (Chinese).
Parts used-Whole plant
Geographical source- It is an herbaceous plant native to India, Sri Lanka and widely cultivated in southern Asia.
Chemistry- A. paniculata contains diterpenes, lactones, and ?avonoids. Flavonoids mainly exist in the root, but have also been isolated from the leaves. The aerial parts contain alkanes, ketones, and aldehydes. The leaves contained two bitter principles – andrographolide and a compound named kalmeghin. Four lactones – chuanxinlian A (deoxyandrographolide), B (andrographolide), C (neoandrographolide) and D (14-deoxy-11, 12-didehydroandrographolide) – were isolated from the aerial parts(Chang.,1987).Bis-andrographolides A, B, C, and D have been isolated from aerial parts. Two new flavonoids identi?ed as 5,7,2’,3’-tetramethoxy?avanone and 5-hydroxy-7,2’,3’-trimethoxy?avone were isolated from the whole plant (Koteswara.,2004), while 12 new ?avonoids and 14 diterpenoids have been reported from the aerial parts(Chen.,2006). Two new ?avonoid glycosides and a new diterpenoid (andrographic acid) were recently reported.
Pharmacological Study on Diabetes-
It is reported that hypoglycemic activity of Andrographis paniculata. A significant decrease in blood glucose levels was observed on glucose tolerance test as compared to the untreated group. Oral administration of andrographis significantly increases the activity of SOD and Catalase. Also decreases blood glucose levels due to its antioxidant properties (Dandu et al., 2009)]. The ethanol extract of A. paniculata possesses antidiabetic property and may be attributed at least in part to increase glucose metabolism. Its hypotriglyceridemic effect is also beneficial in the diabetic state (Zhang et al., 2000).
Pharmacology
It shows Hepatoprotective activity, Antimicrobial, Antiparasitic activity, Antioxidant, anti-in?ammatory activity Antihyperglycemic and Hypoglycemic Effect Dysentery/Gastroenteritis (Shahid, 2011).
Herbal Dosage form & Dose
Dried herb: 1.5 to 5 g/day.
Tea: 1/2 to 1 tsp dried herb in 8 oz hot water, steep 30 minutes, take 4 oz three times daily.
Tincture: (1:5, 30% alcohol): 20 to 60 gtt (1-3 mL) three times daily.
Standardized Tablets: 100-mg tablets containing 5 mg andrographolide and deoxyandrographolide, four tablets three times daily.
Kan Jang (SHA-10) is a proprietary extract derived from Andrographis paniculata and Eleutherococcus senticosis, one 350 mg tablet twice a day.
Mangifera indica(Aam)
Family- Anacardiaceae
Common Name- Aam (Hindi,Bengali),Mango(English), An Lo Kuo(China).
Parts used- Bark, root, Leaves.
Geological Source- M. indica resides in most tropical biotopes in India, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Himalayan regions, Sri Lanka, Africa, America and Australia, Mexico from the Philippines and the West Indies.
Chemistry-
The bark contains protocatechic acid, catechin ,mangiferin, alanine, glycine, γ-amino-butyric acid, kinic acid, shikimic acid and the tetracyclic tritepenoids cycloart-24-en-3β,26diol,3-ketodammar-24(E)-en-20S,26-diol.C-24 epimers of cycloart-25 en3β,24,27-triol and cycloartan-3β,24,27-triol(Scartezzini and speroni 2000). The natural C-glucoside xanthone mangiferin has been reported in various parts of M. indica: leaves, fruits, stem bark.heartwood and root.
Pharmacological Study on Diabetes-
It is already investigated the effects of mangiferin on hyperglycaemia, atherogenicity and oxidative damage to cardiac and renal tissues in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ destroys pancreatic β cells and causes persistent hyperglycaemia; 55 mg/kg body weight i.v..); after 30 days, diabetic rats were administered mangiferin or insulin (positive control) daily for 28 days. These studies show that mangiferin (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) exhibits potent antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antiatherogenic and antioxidant properties without causing hypoglycaemia; mangiferin would then offer a greater therapeutic benefit for the management of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications associated with abnormalities in lipid profiles(Muruganandan et al. 2002and Muruganandan et al. 2005).In KK-Ay mice, an animal model of type 2 diabetes, mangiferin (90 mg/kg), 7 h after oral administration, decreased the baseline glucose level by 56% (Miura et al. 2001a). In the same model, mangiferin (30 mg/kg, p.o., and once daily followed 30 min later by exercise (120 min motorized treadmill) for 2 weeks) reduced the blood cholesterol (~40%) and triglyceride levels (~70%) (Miura et al.,20001b). Mangiferin or exercise alone did not influence cholesterol but significantly decreased triglycerides (Miura et al., 2000).
Pharmacology
Many different pharmacological activities are shown like antioxidant, radioprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-allergic, anti-in-flammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, lipolytic, antibone resorption, monoamine oxidase-inhibiting, antimicrobial and antiparasitic, have been reported for mangiferin.
Herbal Dosage form & Dose
Extract of Magnifera indica is used
NOW YOU CAN ALSO PUBLISH YOUR ARTICLE ONLINE.
SUBMIT YOUR ARTICLE/PROJECT AT articles@pharmatutor.org
Subscribe to Pharmatutor Alerts by Email
FIND OUT MORE ARTICLES AT OUR DATABASE
Conclusion
Incident of occurrence of diabetics not only in India but also around the world is increasing. Presently oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin are used for treatment of the disease. These agents are often shown limited in efficacy, carry the risk for adverse effects and are often too costly, especially for the developing country. Therefore treatment of diabetes mellitus by plant derived compounds which are accessible and do not require any laboratory facility for the synthesis seems highly attractive. This review article enumerates some medicinal plants containing hypoglycemic properties and elucidating their family, common name, parts used, chemistry and other pharmacological activity which may be useful for the healthcare professionals, scientist and scholars working the pharmacy field and therapeutic to develop evidence-based alternative medicine to cure the disease.
References
1.Bailey, CJ, Day (1989) Traditional plant medicines as treatment for diabetes. Diabetes care12: 553-564
2.Baumer (1995) Burkhill (vol 1) 1985, GTZ/ ICRAF 1990, Vogt 1995 [Hamza(1990)
3.Bhoyar Pravin, Burde V,Vishal Baheti, R,Jagdish (2012) AntiDiabetic Potential of Herbal Medicines: review. Int J Phar Re and Dev 4:67-80
4.Biswas Kausik, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee k Ranajit& Bandyopadhyay Uday (2002) Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem.CURRENT SCIENCE 82: 1:1336-1345
5.Chang HM, But PPH (1987) Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica. English translation by Shem Chang-Shing Yeung, Sih Cheng-Yao and LaLingWan(Chinese Medicinal Material Research Centre, "e Chinese University of Hong Kong), Singapore: World Scienti?c Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd, 2:918-928
6.Chen LX, Qu GX, Qiu F (2006) Studies on diterpenoids from Andrographis paniculata. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 31:1594-1597
7.Chen LX, Qu GX, Qiu F (2006) Studies on ?avonoids of Andrographis paniculata. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 31:391-395
8.Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC (1956) Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2nd Edition, Volume l I, CSIR, Delhi pp.32-36.
9.Daisy P, Nirmala A, Rayan and Rajathi D (2007) Hypoglycemic and other related effects of Elephantopus scaber extracts on Alloxan induced diabetic rats. J Biol Sci 7: 433-437
10.Dandu AM, Inamdar NM (2009) Evaluation of beneficial effects of antioxidant properties of aqueous leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata in STZ-induced diabetes. Pak J Pharm Sci 22:49-52
11.Devakumar, C. and Dev sukh (1996) “in Neem” (eds Randhawa and Parmar, B. S.), 2: 77–110
12.Duita PK, Das AK, Banerji N (1983) A Tetracyclic Triterpenoid from Musa paradisiaca. Phytochem 22(11): 2563-2564
13.Eidi A, Eidi M, Esmaeili E(2005) Antidiabetic effect of garlic (Allium sativu L.) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicin13:624-629.
14.El-Desouky, SK,SY, Ryu and Y.K Kim (2008) A new cytotoxic acylated apigenin glucoside from Phyllanthus emblica L. Nat Prod Res 22(1): 91-5
15.Emaga TH, Andrianaivo RH, Wathelet B, Tchango JT, Paquot M (2007) Effects of the stage of maturation and varieties on the chemical composition of banana and platain peels.Food Chem 103:590-600
16.Ghani A (2003) “Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh: Chemical Constituents and Uses,” 2nd Ed. The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 315.
17.Ghoshal S (1985) Steryl Glycosides and Acyl Steryl Glycosides from Musa paradisiaca. Phytochem 24(8): 1807-1810
18.Gupta RK, Kesari AN, Murthy PS, Chandra R, Tandon V, Watal G (2005) Hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Annona squamosa L. in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol 99:1:75-81
19.Habib-ur-Rehman, KA Yasin, MA Choudhary, N Khaliq, Atta-ur-Rahman, Choudhary MI, Malik S (2007) Studies on the chemical constituents of Phyllanthus emblica. Nat Prod Res 21(9): 775-81
20.Imam ZM, Akter S (2011) Musa paradisiaca L. and Musa sapientum L. : A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 01 (05): 14-20
21.Jain, SK,Khurdiya DS (2004) Vitamin C enrichment of fruit juice based ready-to-serve beverages through blending of Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) juice. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 59 (2): 63-6
22.Khan KH (2009) Roles of Emblica officinalis in Medicine - A Review. Bot. Res. Intl2:4: 218-228
23.Kamalakkannan N,Prince PS (2003) Hypoglycemic effect of water extracts of A.marmelos fruits in streptozotocin diabetic rats. I Ethanopharmacol 87:207-10
24.Kavishankar GB, Lakshmidevi N, Murthy S Mahadeva,Prakash HS,Niranjana S R (2011) Diabetes and medicinal plants- a review. I nt JPharm. Biomed Sci 2(3):65-80
25.Ketiku AO (1973) Chemical composition of unripe (green) and ripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca). J Sci Food Agr 24(6): 703 – 707
26.Khosla, P, Bhanwra, S, Singh, J, Seth, S. Srivastava, R. K (2000) A study of hypoglycemic effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem) in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 44: 69–74
27.Kirtikar, KR,Basu BD (1999) “Indian medicinal plants”. Vol.2, 2nd Edn., Allahabad publ. Lalit Mohan Basu.
28.Koteswara Rao Y, Vimalamma G, Rao CV, Tzeng YM (2004) Flavonoids and andrographolides from Andrographis paniculata. Phytochemistry 65:2317-2321
29.Kraus, W (1995) In The Neem Tree: Source of Unique Natural Products for Integrated Pest Management, Medicine, Industry and Other Purposes (ed. Schmutterer, H.) 35–88.
30.Lewis DA, Shaw GP (2001) A natural flavonoid and synthetic analogues protect the gastric mucosa from aspirin-induced erosions. J Nutr. Biochem 12: 95-100
31.Lewis DL, Field WD, Shaw GP (1999) A natural ?avonoid present in unripe plantain banana pulp (Musa sapientum L. var. paradisiaca) protects the gastric mucosa from aspirin-induced erosions. J Ethnopharmacol 65: 283–288
32.Maiti R, Jana D, Das UK, Ghosh D (2004) Antidiabelic effect of aqueous extract of seed of tamarindus indica in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 92:85-91
33.Mallick C, Chatterjee K, GuhaBiswas M, Ghosh D (2007) Antihyperglycemic Effects of Separate and Composite Extract of Root of Musa paradisiaca and Leaf of Coccinia indica In Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Albino Rat. Afr J Trad Complement Med 4(3): 362-371
34.Mallick C, Maiti R, Ghosh D (2006) Comparative Study on Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Separate and Composite Extract of Seed of Eugenia jambolana and Root of Musa paradisiaca in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Albino Rat. Iranian J Pharmacol Ther 5(1): 27-33
35.Martin TS, Ohtani K, Kasai R, Yamasaki K (2000) A Hemiterpenoid Glucoside from Musa paradisiaca. Nat Med 54(4): 190-192
36.Miura T, Ichiki H, Iwamoto N, Kato M, Kubo M, Sasaki H, Okada M, Ishida T, Seino Y, Tanigawa K (2001a) Antidiabetic activity of the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodloides and active components, mangiferin and its glcoside. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 24: 1009-101
37.Miura T, Iwamoto N, Kato M, Ichiki H, Kubo M, Komatsu Y, Ishida T Okada M, Tanigawa K (2001b) The suppressive effect of mangiferin with exercise on blood lipids in type 2 diabetes. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 24:1091-1092
38. Modilal D,Rajathi M,P Daisy (2011)Hypoglycemic effect of Elephantopus Scaber in Alloxan induce diabetes rats. Indian journal of novel drug Delivery 3:2:98-103
39.Mujeeb Mohd, Khan Shah Alam, Ali Mohd, Mall Abhishek, Ahmad Aftab (2009) Antidiabetic activity of the aqueous extract of Annona Squamosa in streptozotocin induced hyperglycemic rats. The Pharma Research 2:59-63
40.Muruganandan S, Gupta S, Kataria M, Lal J, Gupta PK (2002) Mangiferin protects the streptozotocin-induced oxidative damage to cardiac and renal tissues in rats. Toxicology 176: 165-173
41.Muruganandan S, Scrinivasan K, Gupta S, Gupta PK, Lal J (2005) Effect of mangiferin on hyperglycemia and atherogenicity in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacolog 97:497-50
42. Ojewole JA, Adewunmi CO (2003) Hypoglycemic effect of methanolic extract of Musa paradisiaca (Musaceae) green fruits in normal and diabetic mice. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 25(6): 453
43.Pandey Neha ,Barve Dushyant (2011) Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review on Annona squamosa Linn. Int j res Pharm and Biomed sci 2:1404-1412
44.Patel Axay r,Garach Dipak,Chakraborty Manodeep,Kamath Jagdish V (2012) Aegle Marmelos(Linn):A Therapeutic Boon For Human Health .IJRAP 3:2: 159-163
45.Patel Axay r,Garach Dipak,Chakraborty Manodeep,Kamath Jagdish V (2012) Aegle Marmelos(Linn):A Therapeutic Boon For Human Health .IJRAP.\3:2: 159-163.
46.Patel. D Jayshree , Kumar Vipin (2008) Annona squamosa L.: Phytochemical analysis and Antimicrobial Screening. Journal of pharmacy research 1:1: 34-38
47.Paul Pui- Hay But, Po-ming Hon, Hui Cao, TW Dominic Chan, Bo-Mu Wu, Thomas CW Mak, Chun- Tao Che (1997) Sesquiterpene lactones from elephantopus scaber. Phytochem 44:113
48.Ponnachan PT, Paulose CS, Panikkar KR (1993) Effect of leaf extract of Aegle mannelose in diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 31: 345-347
49.RJ Marle, NR Farnworth (1995) Antidiabetic plants and their activity constituents.Phytomedicine 2:137-189
50. Ragasa CY, Martinez A, Chua JE Y, Rideout JA (2007) A Triterpene from Musa errans. Philippine J Sci 136(2): 167-171
51.Rahman MM, Kabir S.M.H (2003) “In: Banglapedia,” 1st Ed. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1: 403
52.Rai PK, Jaiswal D, Rai NK, Pandhija S, Rai AK, Watal G (2009) Role of glycemic elements of Cynodon dactylon and Musa paradisiaca in diabetes management. Lasers Med Sci 24(5): 761-768
53.Rangari, Vinod D (2007)“Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry” Vol.1, 1st Edition, Career Publication, Nashik,19
54.Reico MC (1989) A review of some antimicrobial compounds isolated from medicinal plants reported in the literature. Phytother Res 3:117-125
55.Sankar V, R Kalirajan, Sweetlin Vivian, F Sales,S Raghuraman (2001) Anti inflammatory activity of Elephantopus scaber in albino rats. Ind J Phar Sci 63: 523-552
56.Santhosh Kumar S,Subramanian A,Uma C,Rengaiyan R, Sambandan K, Sekar GK,Sudarshan M, Chakraborty A (2012) Trace elemental analysis and microbial activities of Elephantopus Scaber L.J phytology 4:8-13
57.Scartezzini P, Speroni E (2000) Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 71:23-43
58.Sezik, E, Aslan, M, Yesilada, E, Ito (1990) Hypoglycemic activity of Gentiana olivieri and isolation of the active constituent through bioassay-directed fractionation techniques. Life Sci 76: 1223–1238
59.Shahid Akbar (2011) Andrographis paniculata: A Review of Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Effects. Alternative Medicine Review 16:66-77
60.Sheeba Oommen Kannakuzhiyil, Wills Janardhanan Pallara, Latha Kurup Bhaskara, Rajalekshmy Rajagopal, Latha Sankunni Mukalel (2012) Antioxidant and antihepatotoxic efficacy of methanolic extract of Elephantopus scaber Linn in Wistar rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease S904-S908
61.Shirwaikar A, Rajendran K, Dinesh Kumar C, Bodla R (2004) Antidiabetic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Annona squamosa in streptozotocin-nicotinamide type 2 diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 91:171-5
62.Suryanarayan, P, M Saraswat, JM Petrash,GB Reddy (2007) Emblica officinalis and its enriched tannoids delay streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract in rats. Mol Vis 24; 13: 1291-7
63.Suryanarayana, P, PA Kumar, M Saraswat,JM Petrash,GB Reddy (2004) Inhibition of aldose reductase by tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis: implications for the prevention of sugar cataract. Mol Vis 12:10:148-54
64.Tripathi Kishu (2009) A Review –Garlic, the Spice of Life-(Part –I). Asian J Research Chem 2:1:8-13.
65.Usha V, Vijayammal PL, Kurup PA (1989) Effect of dietary fiber from banana (Musa paradisiaca) on metabolism of carbohydrates in rats fed cholesterol free diet. Indian J Exp Biol 27(5): 445-449
66.Zhang XF, Tan BK (2000) Anti-diabetic property of erhanolic extract of erhanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 21:157-164
67.Zhang, LZ, WH Zhao, YJ Guo, GZ Tu, S Lin,L. Xin (2003) Studies on chemical constituents in fruits of Tibetan medicine Phyllanthus emblica. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 28:10: 940-3
NOW YOU CAN ALSO PUBLISH YOUR ARTICLE ONLINE.
SUBMIT YOUR ARTICLE/PROJECT AT articles@pharmatutor.org
Subscribe to Pharmatutor Alerts by Email
FIND OUT MORE ARTICLES AT OUR DATABASE
.png)
