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ABOUT AUTHORS:
Sandeep.M1*, Das Saumya1, Joe Cherry Divya2, J. Tarun1, B. Kiran kumar1
1Department of Pharmaceutics, Vikas College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rayanigudem, Suryapet, Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh, India
2Department of Pharmaceutics, Nalanda College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cherlapally, Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh, India
sandeepm005@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Alprazolam is an anti-anxiety with sedative and hypnotic actions and used in treatment of anxiety and panic disorders. It is practically insoluble in water and hence has a less bioavailability. In the present study attempt has been made to prepare and characterize inclusion complexes of alprazolam with HP-β-CD and PEG6000 (Polyethylene glycol6000). The phase solubility analysis indicated the formation of 1:1 molar inclusion complex of alprazolam with HP-β-CD and PEG6000. The inclusion complexes were prepared by two different methods viz. physical and kneading methods. The complexes were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The complexes prepared by physical method with HP-β-CD exhibited greatest enhancement in solubility and fastest drug release of 90.29% and kneading method with PEG6000 exhibited greatest enhancement in solubility and fastest drug release of 90.19%.
INTRODUCTION1
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides and were discovered approximately hundred years ago. In the beginning only small amounts of relatively impure cyclodextrins could be generated and high production cost prevent their industrial usage1. Recent biotechnological advancements in the production of cyclodextrins have reduced the cost of production and improved solubility of various water insoluble drugs. Before a drug can pass through a biological membrane it must be first be solubilized in the fluids bathing the membrane. It is well known that the drug efficacy can be severely limited by poor aqueous solubility. The rate limiting step of poorly water soluble drugs is dissolution which is governed by solubility2.
Methods of enhancement of solubility can be done by different methods like3,4:
· Increasing the effective surface area of the drug
· Incorporation of surface-active agents in formulation
· Alternation of the pH of the surrounding medium
· Solute-solvent complex reaction
· Eutectic mixture and solid solution techniques
· Dispersion techniques
· Use of salt forms
· Complexation with cyclodextrins
Among all the approaches, complexations with cyclodextrins have proved to be most effective in enhancing solubility. Anti-anxiety with sedative and hypnotic actions and used in treatment of anxiety and panic disorders. Side effects of alprazolam tablets are generally observed at the beginning of the therapy and usually disappear upon continued medication. In usual patients, the most frequent side effects are likely to be an extension of the pharmacologic activity of alprazolam i.e., drowsiness or light-headedness. The main problem associated with alprazolam is its poor water solubility. Hence the present work aims at preparing efficient water soluble complexes of alprazolam, HP-β-Cyclodextrins and PEG6000 to improve bioavailability.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
Alprazolam was obtained as a gift of Cipra Pharmaceutical, Pune. Hydroxy propyl β cyclodextrin(HP-β-CD)was obtained from Gangwal Chemicals, Mumbai. Polyethylene glycol(PEG6000) was obtained from S-d Fine Chemicals, Mumbai. All the rest chemicals used were of analytical grade.
Methods
Preparation of complexes1,2
a) Physical Mixture
Alprazolam with HP-ß CD and PEG6000 in ratios 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 were mixed in a mortar for about one hour with constant trituration. The mixture was passed through sieve no. 80 and stored in dessicator over fused calcium chloride.
b) Kneading Method
Alprazolam with HP-ß CD and PEG6000 in ratios 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 were taken. Hydroxy propyl β cyclodextrin is added to the mortar and triturated with small quantity of 50% ethanol to prepare a slurry. Slowly the drug is incorporated into the slurry with constant trituration. The prepared slurry is then air dried at room temperature for 48hrs. The resultant product is pulverised and passed through sieve no. 80 and stored in dessicator over fused calcium chloride.
Evaluation
Phase solubility analysis3
Phase solubility studies for alprazolam complexes were performed to determinethe stoichiometry of drug. Complexes containing 10mg of the drug weretaken and added to 20ml proportions of distilled water in volumetric flasks, each containing variable amount of hydroxypropylb-cyclodextrin (HP-b-CD) such as 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15x10-3 moles/liter. The abovesolutions were shaken for 72hrs on a rotary shaker. Then the solutions werefiltered and absorbance’s were recorded at 226nm.The solubility of alprazolamin every solutions were calculated.
Drug content estimation4
50mg of complex was accurately weighed and transferred to 50 ml volumetricflask and volume was made up to the mark with methanol. Form this 1ml wastaken in 10ml volumetric flask and the volume is adjusted up to the markwith same solvent. The absorbance of the solution was measured at 226 nmusing appropriate blank.
Preparation of Alprazolam-HP-β-CD& Alprazolam-PEG6000 complex tablets5
The complexes each separately single polymer (HP-β-CD), second polymer (PEG6000) super disintegrant (crosscarmellose sodium), filler (microcrystallinecellulose), lubricant (magnesiumstearate) and glidant (talc) were blended together by dry mixing in a laboratory mixer (poly bag) for 10 mins. The mixture was then compressed using 8mmstandard concave punch and die set (Pilot Press 12 station) at compressionforce 6 ton. The formulations of the tablets with their code are listed in tableno.2 and 3. Total tabletweight is kept at 300 mg.
Hardness and friability6
Hardness of the tablets was tested using Monsanto hardness tester for each formulation. The friability of the tablets was determined using VeegoFriabilator. From each formulation six tablets were subjected to the test.
Disintegration Studies[2]
The prepared tablets were subjected to disintegration test using disintegration apparatus.
Dissolution Characteristics7
In-vitro dissolution of alprazolam inclusion complex was studied in USP II dissolution apparatus (Lab India) employing a paddle stirrer. 900 ml of distilled water was used as dissolution medium. The stirrer was adjusted to rotate at 50 rpm. The temperature of dissolution media was previously warmed to 37 ± 0.5°C and was maintained throughout the experiment. 1 ml of sample of dissolution medium were withdrawn by means of syringe fitted with prefilter at known intervals of time and analyzed for drug release by measuring the absorbance at 226nm after suitable dilution.
Weight variation test5: 20 tablets were selected randomly from each formulation and weighed individually to check for weight variation. The U.S Pharmacopoeia allows a little variation in the weight of a tablet. The following percentage deviation in weight variation is allowed.
Table No.1 Percentage deviation in weight variation
|
Average weight of a tablet |
Percentage deviation |
|
130 mg or less More than 130 mg and less than 324 mg 324 mg or more |
±10 ±7.5 ±5 |
Table No.2 Formulation code table
|
Method |
Drug to Carrier |
Drug to Carrier ratio |
Code |
|
Physical Mixture |
ALP:HP-β-CD |
1:1 |
FP1 |
|
|
ALP:HP-β-CD |
1:2 |
FP2 |
|
|
ALP:HP-β-CD |
1:3 |
FP3 |
|
Kneading Method |
ALP:HP-β-CD |
1:1 |
FK1 |
|
|
ALP:HP-β-CD |
1:2 |
FK2 |
|
|
ALP:HP-β-CD |
1:3 |
FK3 |
|
Physical Mixture |
ALP:PEG6000 |
1:1 |
PFP1 |
|
|
ALP:PEG6000 |
1:2 |
PFP2 |
|
|
ALP:PEG6000 |
1:3 |
PFP3 |
|
Kneading Method |
ALP:PEG6000 |
1:1 |
PFK1 |
|
|
ALP:PEG6000 |
1:2 |
PFK2 |
|
|
ALP:PEG6000 |
1:3 |
PFK3 |
Table No.3 Formulation table of tablets containing Alprazolam:HP-β-CD complexes.
|
Ingredients(mg/tablet) |
FP1 |
FP2 |
FP3 |
FK1 |
FK2 |
FK3 |
|
Drug Complex |
74.87 |
59.76 |
40.70 |
49.89 |
54.34 |
43.77 |
|
Crosscarmellose sodium |
50 |
50 |
50 |
50 |
50 |
50 |
|
Magnesium stearate |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
Talc |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
Microcrystalline cellulose |
171.13 |
186.24 |
205.3 |
196.11 |
191.66 |
202.23 |
|
Final weight of tablet(mg) |
300 |
300 |
300 |
300 |
300 |
300 |
Table No.4 Formulation table of tablets containing Alprazolam:PEG6000 complexes
|
Ingredients(mg/tablet) |
PFP1 |
PFP2 |
PFP3 |
PFK1 |
PFK2 |
PFK3 |
|
Drug Complex |
113.20 |
68.18 |
42-35 |
109.48 |
90.36 |
64.98 |
|
Crosscarmellose sodium |
50 |
50 |
50 |
50 |
50 |
50 |
|
Magnesium stearate |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
Talc |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
Microcrystalline cellulose |
132.8 |
177.82 |
203.65 |
136.52 |
155.64 |
181.02 |
|
Final weight of tablet(mg) |
300 |
300 |
300 |
300 |
300 |
300 |
Table No.5 Evaluation tests
|
S. No |
Formulations |
Hardness(kg/cm2) ±SD |
Weight variation ±5%(mg) ±SD |
Drug Content (%)±SD |
Friability (%) |
Disintegration (min&sec) |
|
1 |
FP1 |
5.1±0.11 |
285±0.032 |
93.56±0.011 |
0.546 |
3m22s |
|
2 |
FP2 |
5.4±0.19 |
296±0.151 |
89.63±0.067 |
0.967 |
3m30s |
|
3 |
FP3 |
5.8±0.13 |
302±0.163 |
87.82±0.021 |
0.322 |
3m55s |
|
4 |
FK1 |
5.2±0.21 |
289±0.088 |
91.09±0.031 |
0.636 |
10m9s |
|
5 |
FK2 |
5.5±0.29 |
295±0.021 |
88.18±0.113 |
0.645 |
12m44s |
|
6 |
FK3 |
5.3±0.23 |
298±0.121 |
86.72±0.046 |
0.636 |
14m57s |
|
7 |
PFP1 |
5.1±0.21 |
300±0.171 |
90.28±0.136 |
0.655 |
15m34s |
|
8 |
PFP2 |
5.7±0.14 |
303±0.045 |
86.75±0.023 |
0.333 |
18m49s |
|
9 |
PFP3 |
5.4±0.20 |
297±0.192 |
83.46±0.011 |
0.980 |
20m57s |
|
10 |
PFK1 |
5.6±0.18 |
301±0.059 |
89.77±0.041 |
0.636 |
21m51s |
|
11 |
PFK2 |
5.9±0.25 |
319±0.103 |
87.09±0.083 |
0.974 |
22m40s |
|
12 |
PFK3 |
5±0.16 |
315±0.048 |
85.32±0.121 |
0.896 |
24m59s |
Drug-Excipient Interaction Studies
The IR spectra of alprazolam and their complexes were obtained by KBr pellet method by SHIMADZU FT/IR-8400S spectrometer6,7.
The DSC graphs of alprazolam and their complexes were incorporated in their respective crystal lattice, their melting; boiling and sublimation points are usually shifted to a different temperature or disappear within the temperature range, where the respective complexes lattice is decomposed by SHIMADZU DSC60[8].
Stability Study of Alprazolam Complexes
The stability studies of complexes were accessed according to ICH guidelines9.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The HP-β-CD complexes were prepared successfully incorporating alprazolam. The physical characteristics were satisfactory. The colour of complexes was off white and of amorphous nature. The phase solubility analysis showed an increase in solubility of drug. The drug content was found to be in the range of 83.46% to 93.56%. The tablets containing different molar complexes were prepared. All the tablets had good physical characteristics. The hardness of all the formulations was found to be in the range of 5 to 6 kg/cm2. The friability of formulations was within limits. The disintegration time of tablets was in between 3m22s to 24m59s due to the presence ofdisintegrant. The dissolution studies showed the release characteristics of the complexes. The formulation FP1 showed a highest dissolution profile of 90.29% in 60min due to the effective proportion of drug and HP-β- CD. All the other formulations showed an increase in dissolution but the drug release was extended due to higher ratios of HP-β-CD. The FT-IR spectra showed no change in peaks hence no interaction between drug and polymer. The stability studies showed no change in colour of the tablets. Both the Fig. 7&8 DSC graphs has shown a very good result similar to drug and butwhereas in the Fig. 9 & 10 there is some interaction between drug and polymer (PEG6000) this is due to drug is insoluble in water and polymer is soluble in water. The dissolution studies after stability testing showed no remarkable change.
CONCLUSION
In the present study effective alprazolam- HP-β- CD complexes can be prepared by different methods. But the physical mixture yields good results when compared to kneading method. The tablets prepared by using these complexes showed fast releasing characteristics. Hence it can be concluded that HP-β- CD can be used to increase the solubility of water insoluble drugs.
REFERENCE ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-2131
|
PharmaTutor (ISSN: 2347 - 7881) Volume 2, Issue 4 Received On: 05/02/2014; Accepted On: 10/02/2014; Published On: 01/04/2014 How to cite this article: Sandeep M, S Das, DJ Cherry, J Tarun, BK Kumar, Enhancement of Solubility characteristics of Alprazolam, PharmaTutor, 2014, 2(4), 137-143 |
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