ANTI-CANCER (NOVEL AGENTS): A REVIEW

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ABOUT AUTHORS:
V. Sravanthi*, Mayure vijay kumar, G.J.Finny, C.P.Meher
Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, Maheshwara College of Pharmacy
Isnapur chitkul ‘X’ road, Patancheru, Hyderabad-502307
*v.sravanthi27@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth. Cancer cells damage the body by multiplying their cells uncontrollably to form masses of tissue named as tumor. Tumors cells can grow and interfere with the digestive, nervous, and circulatory systems, and they can release hormones that alter body function. Tumors that are severe to body are called cancerous tumors, and temporary cells that are affected to body are not harmful and called as benign tumors. Nearly 100’s of cancers are known to be effecting the humans. According to this concern the presented review outlines the novel anticancer agents how they are useful, their mechanism, and chemistry has briefly discussed in this article, the main aim of these review is to evaluate the complete novel anticancer drugs under single review paper.

REFERENCE ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-2222

PharmaTutor (ISSN: 2347 - 7881)

Volume 2, Issue 8

Received On: 05/06/2014; Accepted On: 09/06/2014; Published On: 01/08/2014

How to cite this article: V Sravanthi, VK Mayure, GJ Finny, CP Meher; Anti-Cancer (Novel Agents): A Review; PharmaTutor; 2014; 2(8); 119-153

INTRODUCTION:
Cancer is the largest cause of death in the developed world. Cancer affects 1 in 3 people and is responsible for 25% of all deaths. Here are more than 100 different types of cancer. For example, lung cancer starts in the lung, and breast cancer starts in the breast. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis.

PERCENTAGE	CAUSE
30%	Smoking (lung, mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagusetc;)
15%	Viruses (papillomavirusetc;)

Six characteristics of malignancies have been proposed:
· self-sufficiency in growth signalling
· insensitivity to anti-growth signals
· evasion of apoptosis
· enabling of a limitless replicative potential
· induction and sustainment of angiogenesis
· activation of metastasis and invasion of tissue.¹

The progression from normal cells to cells that can form a discernible mass to outright cancer involves multiple steps known as malignant progression²

SCHEME OF CANCER CAUSES³:

ADVANCES IN CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY³:

SURGERY: BEFORE 1955
RADIOTHERAPY: 1955-1965
CHEMOTHERAPY: AFTER 1965
IMMUNOTHERAPY AND GENE THERAPY

CELLULAR PATHWAY TO MALIGNANCE⁴:

GENERAL MECHANISM OF ANTICANCER DRUGS⁵:

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ANTICANCER AGENTS:

PRINCIPLES OF ANTICANCER DRUGS (THERAPY):

S.NO	DESCRIPTION	TYPES
SURGICAL TREATMENT:	The removal of the tumor as a local pathological formation, but also the involvement of the whole organism. · Effective · easy to perform and · economical.	· Curative resection, · Palliative surgery, · Preventive surgery, · Diagnostic surger, · Cytoreductive surger, ^·Cryosurgery¹³⁵
RADIOTHERAPY:	Radiotherapy is based on the fact that ionizing radiation destroys tumor cells. X rays and gamma rays are able to penetrate the tissue depth, destroying tumor cells even from deep layers. Radiotherapy induces direct lesions in the DNA or biological molecules, which eventually affect DNA. These changes deregulate cell division, and daughter cells finally die.	Radiotherapy can be used in three modalities: curative radiotherapy; adjuvant radiotherapy; palliative radiotherapy¹³⁶. · Palliative radiotherapy · Teleradiotherapy · Brachytherapy · Metabolic radiotherapy · radiosensitivity of non-tumor tissues · radiosensitivity of tumor tissues · Canine tumors · Tumors in felines
CHEMOTHERAPY:	Chemotherapy uses chemical substances that act electively on cells in mitosis, and antimitotic agents finally aim to destroy cancer cells. These substances have the great advantage that they do not act strictly locally on the primary neoplasm, and antimitotic agents perform a therapy of the potential or disseminated systemic disease.	· Goldie-coldman model ^·All anticancer agents¹³⁷
HYPERTHERMIA:	Hyperthermia therapy is used due to its cytotoxic effects and because it can be an adjuvant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, it should be mentioned that the use of hyperthermia may also have undesired effects (inefficiency, toxicity, increased tolerance to heat and even the appearance of resistant cells).	Temperatures higher than 41°C induce lesions in tumor tissues, directly by cytotoxicity, and indirectly, by microcirculatory lesions.¹³⁸
COMBINED TREATMENT:	The separate studies of the effects of hyperthermia and radiotherapy on tumor cells have led to the conclusion of the combination of the two beneficial results, based on the following reasons: High temperatures have cytotoxic effects on acidophilic cells in hypoxic condition. These findings correlated with the fact that hypoxic cells manifest a 2.5–3-fold increased resistance to destruction by radiation have determined the association of the two therapies. Hyperthermia increases the radiosensitivity of all cells and diminishes the repair of sublethal lesions induced by radiation. Hyperthermia is preferentially cytotoxic for cells in the S phase of the cell cycle, in contrast, these cells being almost radioresistant.	· Combined hyperthermia-radiotherapy treatment · Combined hyperthermia-chemotherapy treatment¹³⁸
PHOTOTHERAPY:	Dynamic phototherapy refers to the use of hematoporphyrin or photofrin II preparations, at specific light wavelengths, in the detection and treatment of malignant solid tumors. Both the detection and treatment of tumors by the dynamic phototherapy technique depend on the character of the neoplasm and on the location of the preparation in the tumor. So, at a certain time after the intravenous injection of the preparation, this accumulates and is retained in a higher concentration in malignant tissues compared to normal tissues	Hematoporphyrin used in oncology. dihematoporphyrin ether, experimentally tested under the designation of photofrin II. The tumor can be located using hematoporphyrin, by lighting with 405 nm light, which has a fluorescence of approximately 630 nm (red-orange).¹³⁹
IMMUNOTHERAPY:	Immunotherapy is another modality of stimulating the host defense mechanisms, an anticancer strategy. Experiments and practical results have proved that immunotherapy alone has an inconsistent efficacy, while preceded by surgery for tumor volume reduction, by radiotherapy or chemotherapy, it has proved to be a valuable adjuvant in the treatment of neoplastic disease.	Preventive immunotherapy Non-specific active immunotherapy Specific active immunotherapy Specific passive immunotherapy Chemoimmunotherapy¹⁴⁰

CONSLUSION:
Many anti-cancer drugs have potentially deleterious, irreversible effects to the body parts. Patients at high risk should be identified early and different therapeutic treatments should be done by providing the proper anticancer agents. This review has discussed the medications that are helpful for the treatment of numerous cancers. And avoid the development of cell divisions by damaging the DNA, due to which treatment can be done in the systematic manner. According to FDA more than 100 cancers are going to arise in the future aspects. And also a brief detail has been discussed on the therapies that are used in cancer treatment.

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